Young v. First State Bank, Watonga

• Decision Date: 05 May 1981
• Docket Number: No. 51066,51066
• Citation: 628 P.2d 707,1981 OK 53
• Parties: Tommy YOUNG, Appellee, v. FIRST STATE BANK, WATONGA, Oklahoma, a corporation; D. R. Shipley and Roger S. Folsom, Appellants.
• Court: Oklahoma Supreme Court

Page 707

628 P.2d 707

1981 OK 53

Tommy YOUNG, Appellee, v. FIRST STATE BANK, WATONGA, Oklahoma, a corporation; D. R Shipley and Roger S. Folsom, Appellants.

No. 51066.

Supreme Court of Oklahoma.

May 5, 1981.

Appeal from the District Court, Blaine County; J. Russell Swanson, judge.

Appellee brought action for damages alleging two causes of action: malicious prosecution against appellant Bank, and libel against individually named appellants. Appellee recovered judgment on jury verdict as against all appellants. Court of Appeals, Division II, affirmed the judgment for malicious prosecution against bank and reversed the libel judgment against individuals.

CERTIORARI GRANTED. OPINION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED. TRIAL COURT REVERSED AS TO BOTH CAUSES OF ACTION AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

Stipe, Gossett, Stipe, Harper & Estes, John B. Estes, Oklahoma City, for appellee.

Hastie & Kirschner, George W. Dahnke, Oklahoma City, for appellants.

SIMMS, Justice:

This is an appeal from a judgment entered on jury verdict for plaintiff in an action for malicious prosecution and libel. Appellant First State Bank, Watonga, Oklahoma (Bank) was the defendant below in the malicious prosecution action. Appellants Shipley and Folsom, president and chairman of the board of appellant Bank respectively, were the defendants below in the libel action.

The malicious prosecution action was based on a suit brought by Bank on November 4, 1975, to recover on three notes, and to foreclose a real estate mortgage and a security interest in collateral securing them. Two of the notes were executed by Ray Gerber as president for Watonga Livestock Auction, Inc., and one by Gerber personally. Bank named Gerber, Watonga Livestock Auction, Inc., (Auction) and Tommy Young (Appellee) as defendants in the action. While Young's name did not appear on the notes, he signed the mortgage as secretary of the Auction corporation. On December 9, 1975, Bank dismissed the action with prejudice after receiving payment in full on the notes from defendant Gerber.

Thereafter, Young brought this action against Bank for malicious prosecution, and against Shipley and Folsom for allegedly libelous letters naming Young in connection with the defaulted notes. The jury returned a verdict for Young of $47,000 against Bank, and of $5,000 against Shipley and Folsom.

Bank appeals claiming the trial court erred in overruling its motion for a directed verdict, or in the alternative, a new trial, because Young failed to prove certain essential elements of his cause of action. The appeal was assigned to the Court of Appeals and that Court Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part the judgment of the trial court. We Grant Certiorari and Vacate the Opinion of the Court of Appeals, and Reverse and Remand the cause.

I.

The plaintiff in a malicious prosecution action has the burden of affirmatively proving five elements: (1) the bringing of the original action by the defendant; (2) its successful termination in plaintiff's favor; (3) want of probable cause to join the plaintiff; (4) malice, and (5) damages. Towne v. Martin, 196 Okl. 510, 166 P.2d 98 (1946). Malicious prosecution actions are not favored by the court, and they should not be encouraged by lax rules favoring them. Williams v. Frey, 182 Okl. 556, 78 P.2d 1052 (1938).

Bank's first contention is that Young failed to establish that the original action terminated in his favor. It is conceded that, generally, a dismissal with prejudice is such a favorable termination, but Bank cities the exception that where the dismissal in the original action is procured by the defendant, or done pursuant to a compromise or agreement of the parties, that termination cannot support an action for malicious prosecution. First State Bank v. Denton, 82 Okl. 137, 198 P. 874 (1921).

Young claims that this exception, while valid, does not apply to his action because he did not participate in the settlement, pursuant to which the original action was dismissed. The question whether a settlement done by one defendant bars a codefendant's action for malicious prosecution is a matter of first impression in Oklahoma.

Bank cites Nolan v. Allstate Home Equipment Co., Inc., D.C.Mun.App. 149 A.2d 426 (1959), where this issue is addressed. In that case, the plaintiff had been named in an action for money due on merchandise purchased by his former wife. Before plaintiff was served with summons, his former wife paid the debt and the action was dismissed. The court there held that the original proceedings against both parties must be considered as a whole, and that the dismissal done after payment by the former wife was a termination by settlement, and therefore not a termination in plaintiff's favor. This case is not persuasive in Oklahoma. The court noted that since the plaintiff there wasn't served until the action was already dismissed, there was no termination to him at all. More importantly the court noted that in the District of Columbia, the plaintiff has no action for malicious prosecution absent an arrest, a seizure of property, or some damage not normally incident to the service of process, none of which was present. In Oklahoma, the mere bringing of a civil suit, without more, is sufficient to support the action.

Where the termination is pursuant to a settlement, the action for malicious prosecution is barred because either the settlement is an admission of probable cause for the initiation of the prosecution, or because it would be unfair to allow a person to consent to a termination and then take advantage of it. 52 Am.Jur.2d § 44, Malicious Prosecution. Jaffe v. Stone, 18 Cal.2d 146, 114 P.2d 335 (1941).

In First State Bank v. Denton, supra, we cited the case of White v. International Text-Book Co., 156 Iowa 210, 136 N.W. 121 (1912). The court there held that a settlement bars an action for malicious prosecution only where such settlement is voluntary, intentionally, and understandingly procured by the defendant. The court noted that in a civil case, where the defendant procures the dismissal by the payment of money:

"... the dismissal of the suit pursuant to such a settlement is not a termination thereof in defendant's favor, but, on the contrary, (is) a distinct admission on his part that something is due." (136 N.W. pg. 125)

In the case at bar, the payment of the debt by Gerber should not bar Young's action for malicious prosecution. Young neither procured, consented to, nor participated in the settlement upon which the original action was dismissed. He has made no admission that Bank had probable cause to name him as defendant, nor has he consented to a termination of which he is trying to take advantage. We do not agree with Bank that this holding makes all lawsuits involving multiple defendants a "breeding ground" for malicious prosecution actions, as the other elements required to be proved are sufficient to prevent that result. In fact, this holding is necessary to effectuate the policy served by such an action. The mere fact that one defendant admits owing the money sued for in no way establishes that another defendant was not wrongfully sued.

II.

Bank's second contention is that Young failed, as a matter of law, to establish an absence of probable cause to name him in the original action.

Bank introduced evidence of numerous associations between Young, Gerber, and the Auction which it claims shows that Young was in fact a "secret" partner in the Auction, and gave them probable cause to believe that he could be held jointly liable on the notes. We need not here detail these associations, as they were all contested throughout the trial. For example, Young claimed he signed the mortgage only upon Shipley's insistence, who said he merely needed someone to sign as the secretary since the mortgage was in the name of the corporation, and who knew Young was not in fact the secretary of the corporation.

In Lewis v. Crystal Gas Co., Okl., 532 P.2d 431 (1975), the test for probable cause in a malicious prosecution is set out:

"Probable cause for an action does not mean legal cause. If it did, every plaintiff who failed to recover in his lawsuit could be liable to an action for malicious prosecution. Probable cause has been defined as reasonable cause that of an honest suspicion or belief on the part of the instigator thereof, founded upon facts sufficiently strong to warrant the average person in believing the charge to be true."

In Miller v. Bourne, 208 Okl. 362, 256 P.2d 431 (1953), we quoted from Allison v. Bryan, 50 Okl. 677, 151 P. 610 (1915), that:

" 'What constitutes probable cause is a mixed question of law and fact. (citation omitted) If there is no controversy over the facts, or if the facts are conceded, then it becomes a pure question of law for the court to determine whether there was probable cause or not. It therefore becomes the duty of the court, when evidence has been given to prove or disprove the existence of probable cause, to submit to the jury its credibility, and what fact it proves, with instruction that the facts found amount to proof of probable cause, or that they do not. (citation omitted)' "

The facts at trial, both to Bank's subjective honesty in believing Young to be liable, and to the objective reasonableness of such belief based on the facts presented, were far from uncontroverted. As such, the matter was properly left to the jury.

III.

Bank's next claim, that it was entitled to a directed verdict because of proof showing it named Young only upon the advice of outside counsel, must similarly fail. Young produced testimony that Bank was acting in direct conflict with advice of counsel by naming Young in the suit. While if uncontroverted, Bank's evidence would be a complete defense to this action, where there is a dispute it is a matter properly left to the jury. Miller v. Bourne, supra.

IV.

Bank's next proposition concerns the instructions, which it claims were erroneous on the...