Zellers v. Barthel
| Decision Date | 01 April 1987 |
| Docket Number | No. 2-86-046-CV,2-86-046-CV |
| Citation | 727 S.W.2d 364 |
| Parties | Steven Leroy ZELLERS, Appellant, v. Ginger Ann Zellers BARTHEL, Appellee. |
| Court | Texas Court of Appeals |
In this appeal we are presented with the question of whether a trial court's order, which does not dispose of all issues before the court, is final so as to give this court jurisdiction to hear the merits of the controversy. We find that the judgment is not final and as a result dismiss the purported appeal for want of jurisdiction.
The rule of finality of judgments is easy to state. An appeal may only be taken from a final judgment of a district or county court. TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. sec. 51.012 (Vernon 1986). The golden rule on finality is simple to state; however, it has proved difficult to apply in practice. As our Supreme Court has recognized, the rule that an appeal may be taken only from a final judgment "is deceiving in its apparent simplicity and vexing in its application." Allen v. Allen, 717 S.W.2d 311, 312 (Tex.1986); North East Independent School District v. Aldridge, 400 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Tex.1966).
The landmark case in this area is the Aldridge case. The Texas Supreme Court announced the rule, now known as the "Aldridge Rule," which was designed to do away with the most common "finality" problems:
When a judgment, not intrinsically interlocutory in character, is rendered and entered in a case regularly set for a conventional trial on the merits, no order for a separate trial of issues having been entered pursuant to Rule 174 ..., it will be presumed for appeal purposes that the Court intended to, and did, dispose of all parties legally before it and of all issues made by the pleadings between such parties. A claim duly severed under Rule 41 is a "case" within the meaning of the foregoing rule. The rule will be subject to the exception created by Davis v. McCray Refrigerator Sales Corporation [which declines to invoke the presumption where the action is dismissed, nonsuited or abated]; but it will apply to separate claims of the plaintiff, cross-actions and counterclaims by defendants against the plaintiff, cross-actions by defendants against other defendants and cross-actions by defendants against third-party defendants.
Aldridge, 400 S.W.2d at 897-98.
The Aldridge Rule is better understood when outlined. The general rule is that the trial court intended to, and did dispose of all parties and all issues raised by the pleadings. However, there are four major exceptions to the rule.
(1) The presumption does not apply to inherently interlocutory orders such as a partial summary judgment. Houston Health Clubs v. First Court of Appeals, 722 S.W.2d 692 (Tex.1986) (per curiam); Teer v. Duddlesten, 664 S.W.2d 702, 704 (Tex.1984); Pan American Petroleum Corp. v. Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 159 Tex. 550, 324 S.W.2d 200, 201 (1959).
(2) The presumption does not apply to dispositions of cases which do not adjudicate the issues before the parties, such as nonsuits and abatements. Davis v. McCray Refrigerator Sales Corp., 136 Tex. 296, 150 S.W.2d 377 (1941).
(3) The presumption likewise does not apply to cases not set for conventional trial on the merits. For example, the presumption does not apply to summary judgments, whether final or not. Houston Health Clubs, 722 S.W.2d 692; Springwoods Shopping Ctr. v. University Sav., 610 S.W.2d 177, 178 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
(4) Finally, the presumption does not apply to judgments that affirmatively reserve some ultimate issues or decisions for future adjudication. For example, divorce judgments which expressly reserve the issue of child support or property division will not be given the presumption of finality. 1 Kelley v. Kelley, 583 S.W.2d 671, 674 (Tex.Civ.App.--Austin 1979, writ dism'd).
The Supreme Court noted in Aldridge that most finality problems arise with the drafting of the judgment and could be solved by careful drafting:
Of course, the problem can be eliminated entirely by a careful drafting of judgments to conform to the pleadings or by inclusion in judgments of a simple statement that all relief not expressly granted is denied.
Unfortunately, the order complained of was either not intended to be a final judgment or was not drafted with the caution suggested by the Supreme Court in Aldridge.
In applying the Aldridge Rule to this case, we are confronted with a series of litigation that spans over ten years. Ginger Zellers Barthel (Barthel) and Steven Zellers (Zellers) were divorced in Indiana in 1975. In 1981, Zellers returned to the same Indiana court and sought a reduction in child support after he had fallen behind on other obligations to Barthel under the divorce decree. As a result, the Indiana court reduced child support to $90.00 per week per child and awarded judgment to Barthel in the amount of $3,388.00 on the other obligations. In 1984, Barthel returned to court in Tennessee, seeking the enforcement of the Indiana judgment, past unpaid child support and unpaid medical bills under the Indiana divorce decree. She also sought an increase in child support. The Tennessee court denied the increase in child support, but awarded Barthel a judgment of $6,008.04, representing the amount due under the Indiana judgment, past child support and past medical bills owed by Zellers.
In 1985, the instant case was filed by Barthel. In her original suit, she sought only the enforcement of the Tennessee decree under TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. sec. 35.003 (Vernon 1986). However, no further action was taken on the enforcement of a foreign judgment. Instead, Barthel next filed a "Motion To Modify In A Suit Affecting The Parent-Child Relationship." In this motion, Barthel sought only an increase in child support from the previous court orders. 2 As a result, it is obvious that Barthel was attempting to modify a foreign divorce decree. Zellers denied any changed circumstances that would justify increased child support and asked for increased visitation rights.
After a hearing, the trial judge entered an...
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Brown v. Brown
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...and because the judgment on its face purports to dispose of all issues and parties, we hold it is final. See generally Zellers v. Barthel, 727 S.W.2d 364, 365. (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1987, no The problem with the judgment is not a lack of finality. In point of fact, it is a final judgment an......
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