Akbar v. Gomez, 96-55280
| Decision Date | 03 September 1997 |
| Docket Number | No. 96-55280,96-55280 |
| Citation | 1997 WL 547944,122 F.3d 1069 |
| Parties | NOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel. Mahdee AKBAR, Plaintiff, and Ishmael A. Muhammad; Troy Anthony Bartholomew; Anthony W. Oliver, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. James GOMEZ, Director of California Dept of Corrections; K.W. Prunty, Warden; Bryant S. Gunn, Warden; B.L. Reed, Chief Deputy Warden; Thomas Dermody, individually and as Calipatria Chaplain Religious Coordinator, Defendants-Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, No. CV-94-00129-NAJ Napoleon A. Jones, Jr., District Judge, Presiding.
Before: CHOY, HALL, Circuit Judges, and SHADUR, District Judge. **
California state prisoners Ishmael A. Muhammad, Tray A. Bartholomew, and Anthony W. Oliver (collectively, "plaintiffs") 1 appeal from the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of officials of the California Department of Corrections and of Calipatria State Prison, on their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim seeking damages and declaratory and injunctive relief. Plaintiffs allege constitutional violations arising from prison officials' interference with plaintiffs' right to practice their religion and unequal treatment of prisoners of different faiths. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2 Having reviewed the summary judgment motion de nova, see Bagdadi v. Nazar, 84 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir.1996), we affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment, except as to the three unserved defendants.
On January 27, 1994, several Muslim inmates at Calipatria State Prison ("Calipatria") filed a complaint, proceeding in forma pauperis, against James Gomez, Director of the California Department of Corrections, and K.W. Prunty, Warden of Calipatria, (collectively, "defendants"). Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on February 9, 1995, also naming as defendants Bobbie Reed, the Chief Deputy Warden of Calipatria, B.S. Gunn, the former Warden of Calipatria, and Thomas Dermody, the Catholic Chaplain and Religious Activity Coordinator at Calipatria. Defendants Gunn, Feed, and Dermody were never served with the complaint although plaintiff Bartholomew filed a motion requesting a U.S. Marshal to effect service pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(c)(2) on April 7, 1995. Plaintiffs claim that the district court's judgment must be vacated to the extent it is in favor of these defendants. We agree.
Rule 4(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure directs the court to appoint a United States Marshal to effect service for a plaintiff who is proceeding in forma pauperis. 3 Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(c)(2). Pro se plaintiffs that are incarcerated are "entitled to rely on the U.S. Marshal for service of the summons and complaint, and ... should not be penalized by having [their] action dismissed for failure to effect service where the U.S. Marshal or the court clerk has failed to perform the duties" required of them. Puett v. Blandford, 912 F.2d 270, 275 (9th Cir.1990).
The plaintiffs here were entitled to have the court appoint an officer to execute service. In fact, the plaintiffs reminded the court that these three defendants had not yet been served by a marshal. There is nothing to suggest that the failure to serve the defendants was due to any fault of the plaintiffs. Even if plaintiffs were at fault, at most the district court would have been authorized to "dismiss the action without prejudice" after giving notice to plaintiffs. Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(m); see e.g., McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1058 (9th Cir.1992) (), overruled on other grounds by WMX Tech., Inc. v. Miller, 104: F.3d 1133, 1136 (9th Cir.1997). 4
Plaintiffs allege they were denied equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment because they were prohibited from spending religious funds to purchase certain religious items and because they were not given equal access to a chaplain and religious volunteers. 5
Plaintiffs claim that defendants prohibited them from spending religious funds to purchase prayer rugs but permitted Christian inmates to spend funds to purchase comparable religious items, such as crosses and candles. Even taken as true, this allegation does not raise a genuine issue of whether plaintiffs' equal protection rights were violated because equal protection guarantees a prisoner only "a reasonable opportunity of pursuing his faith comparable to the opportunity afforded fellow prisoners who adhere to conventional religious precepts." Allen v. Toombs, 827 F.2d 563, 568 (9th Cir.1987) (quoting Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972) (per curiam)). Especially where, as here, there is evidence that plaintiffs were permitted to purchase Islamic books and various other religious items, they fail to show that they were precluded from reasonably pursuing their faith because they did not have prayer rugs. 6
Plaintiffs also allege that defendants refused to allow volunteers to enter the prison to assist Muslim inmates while no other volunteers were refused entrance to the prison to assist other faiths. Likewise, plaintiffs claim defendants used discriminatory methods in their employment of full-time chaplains for some religious groups, favoring ones of the Christian faith, when they had the opportunity to hire a full-time Muslim chaplain. But defendants have no affirmative duty to afford Muslim inmates a full-time chaplain and their efforts to secure a part-time one and to recruit volunteers evidence a "good faith accommodation" of plaintiffs' rights. See Allen, 827 F.2d at 569. Furthermore, defendants submit documentation showing that during the months of July, August, and September of 1995, 24 Islamic services were held, compared to 15 Jewish services and 48 Roman Catholic services, and that Muslim inmates participate in various Islamic holy days, including the holy month of Ramadan. We find that plainttiffs have been afforded reasonable opportunities to pursue their faith as compared to their Jewish and Christian counterparts.
Plaintiffs contend their First Amendment rights to free exercise of religion were violated because they were prohibited from purchasing hygienic prayer rugs. 7
In order to establish a free exercise violation, plaintiffs must show the defendants burdened the practice of their religion, by preventing them from engaging in conduct mandated by their faith, without any justification reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. See Graham v. C.I.R., 822 F.2d 844, 850-51 (9th Cir.1987) (), aff'd sub nom., Hernanciez v. C.I.R., 490 U.S. 680, 699 (1989); Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987) (). 8
Plaintiffs' allegation that their inability to use prayer rugs substantially burdens the practice of their religion fails because they do not raise genuine issues of whether prayer rugs are central tenets to the Islamic religion. Plaintiffs merely argue that because Muslims pray by bowing and placing their forehead to the ground, prayer rugs are "necessary" for hygienic purposes. There is nothing to suggest, however, that state issued blankets, which inmates are authorized to use in lieu of prayer rugs, would not adequately serve this purpose.
The district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants Gomez and Prunty is AFFIRMED.
** The Honorable Milton I. Shadur, Senior United States...
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