Jiang v. Mukasey
| Decision Date | 27 March 2008 |
| Docket Number | Docket No. 06-5213-ag. |
| Citation | 522 F.3d 266 |
| Parties | Changxu JIANG, Petitioner, v. Michael B. MUKASEY,<SMALL><SUP>*</SUP></SMALL> Respondent. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit |
Frederick P.S. Whang, Seattle, WA, for Petitioner.
J. Max Weintraub, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Carol Federighi, Senior Litigation Counsel, on the brief), Washington, D.C, for Respondent.
Before: CARDAMONE, B.D. PARKER, and HALL, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Changxu Jiang, a native and citizen of the People's Republic of China, seeks review of an October 13, 2006 order of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") dismissing his appeal of Immigration Judge Annette Elstein's denial of his motion to reopen based on ineffective assistance of counsel. In re Changxu Jiang, No. A 78 711 995 (B.I.A. Oct. 13, 2006), aff'g No. A 78 711 995 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Dec. 6, 2005). The BIA determined that Jiang had not made a showing of ineffective assistance because it found that Jiang's decision to withdraw his application for asylum and withholding of removal before the IJ was a tactical decision to protect his current eligibility for an immigrant visa petition filed by his U.S. citizen wife. We conclude that the BIA properly dismissed Jiang's appeal, and we thus DENY the petition for review.1
Changxu Jiang, a native and citizen of the People's Republic of China, entered the United States without inspection in January 2000. In September 2000, Jiang filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal in which he alleged that his wife by traditional marriage had died from a forced abortion and that the police had detained and abused him after he demanded that the family planning office take responsibility for her death. In December 2001, Jiang was served with a Notice to Appear that charged him with being removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) as an alien present in the United States who has not been admitted or paroled.
Jiang appeared with his former counsel, Barry Schneps, before Immigration Judge ("IJ") Elstein in January 2001. After adjourning the proceedings several times, the IJ heard the merits of Jiang's asylum and withholding claims in November 2003. Jiang testified that he would be arrested if returned to China in part because the Chinese government had been made aware of Jiang's asylum application when the U.S. government allegedly breached his confidentiality by contacting the Chinese government to verify the authenticity of documents relating to his claim. During the course of the November 2003 hearing, the IJ voiced two principal concerns. She questioned Jiang about the authenticity of certain documents because the government had introduced evidence showing that they were falsified. Further, the IJ noted that there was insufficient evidence to show that Jiang had filed his asylum application within the mandatory one-year filing period. The hearing was adjourned to give Jiang the opportunity to address both concerns.
When the hearing resumed, in June 2004, Jiang withdrew his application for asylum and withholding with prejudice and thereafter sought only voluntary departure. In the course of these proceedings, the IJ asked Jiang if he and his attorney had discussed the decision and whether Jiang understood that he could not renew his asylum claim at a later time. Jiang replied that he understood the consequences and had discussed the decision with his attorney. The IJ permitted Jiang to withdraw his asylum and withholding application and granted voluntary departure.
Two months later, in August 2004, Jiang filed a motion to reopen based on the ineffective assistance of his former counsel. He argued that he was "never made aware of the various legitimate legal bases for pursuing his asylum claim, was never apprized [sic] of the blatant nature of the violation of his confidentiality by the INS Guangzhou office and was instead urged to withdraw his asylum application and to seek voluntary departure." He contended that his testimony before the IJ was sufficient to meet his burden to prove that he had timely filed his asylum application. He also asserted that he was eligible, for asylum based on his past persecution and the Government's breach of his confidentiality when investigating his asylum claim.
In April 2005, the IJ denied the motion, finding that Jiang "was not the victim of ineffective assistance of counsel, but that he had a full and fair hearing," after which Jiang appeared to have decided "that the risks involved, given the serious and numerous legal questions [at issue], did not warrant his proceeding." The IJ noted that Jiang and his counsel had decided to withdraw" his "questionable" asylum claim to protect his eligibility for a visa petition filed by his U.S. citizen wife.2 The IJ pointed out that Jiang's claim was based on "birth control action taken against a woman who was not his `spouse'" and that it involved documentation "found by the Government to be fraudulent or at least seriously questionable." Taken together with the question about whether Jiang had filed his asylum application within one year, "which would have limited [Jiang] to a much higher standard of proof than that required for asylum," the IJ concluded that these factors led to Jiang's withdrawal of his asylum claim with prejudice.
Jiang timely appealed to the BIA.
In October 2006, the BIA dismissed Jiang's appeal of the IJ's denial of his motion to reopen, agreeing with the IJ that Jiang had not shown ineffective assistance of counsel. The BIA determined that Jiang's former counsel had "handled his case in a professional manner" and correctly advised Jiang that if he were found to have made a frivolous asylum application, he would have been barred from seeking any immigration benefits in the future. The BIA found that Jiang had "opted for a particular strategy and form of relief, and although he might wish to fault his attorney and recant that decision, he [was] nonetheless bound by it" because he had not shown that his former attorney's handling of his case had been "so egregious" that the proceedings were rendered unfair. The BIA agreed with the IJ that Jiang's decision to seek voluntary departure had been a tactical decision to protect his eligibility for a visa petition filed by his U.S. citizen wife. Further, the BIA noted that Jiang had "knowingly" agreed to abandon his asylum application and to accept voluntary departure.
Jiang now petitions this Court for review of the BIA's order.
We review the BIA's denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. Jian Hua Wang v. BIA 508 F.3d 710, 714 (2d Cir.2007). An abuse of discretion may be found where the BIA's decision "provides no rational explanation, inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning, or contains only summary or conclusory statements; that is to say, where the Board has acted in an arbitrary or capricious manner." Ke Zhen Zhao v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 265 F.3d 83, 93 (2d Cir.2001) (citations omitted). "Where the BIA adopts the decision of the IJ and merely supplements the IJ's decision ... we review the decision of the IJ as supplemented by the BIA." Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir.2005).
A motion to reopen premised on ineffective assistance of counsel must comply with the requirements set forth in Matter of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637 (B.I.A.1988),3 and establish that "counsel's performance was so ineffective as to have impinged upon the fundamental fairness of the hearing," Jian Yun Zheng v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 409 F.3d 43, 46 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Saleh v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 962 F.2d 234, 241 (2d Cir.1992)). To show fundamental unfairness, the applicant must allege sufficient facts to show that competent counsel would have acted otherwise and that the applicant was prejudiced by his counsel's performance. Romero v. INS, 399 F.3d 109, 112 (2d Cir.2005). This Court "uses its own judgment as to whether counsel was effective." Esposito v. INS, 987 F.2d 108, 111 (2d Cir.1993).
The BIA did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Jiang's appeal from the IJ's denial of his motion to...
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