Andrade v. Superior Court

• Decision Date: 28 June 1996
• Docket Number: No. B097651,B097651
• Citation: 46 Cal.App.4th 1609,54 Cal.Rptr.2d 504
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: , 96 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 4965, 96 Daily Journal D.A.R. 7970 Armando ANDRADE, Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT of Los Angeles County, Respondent; The PEOPLE of the State of California, Real Party in Interest.

Page 504

54 Cal.Rptr.2d 504

46 Cal.App.4th 1609, 96 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 4965,

96 Daily Journal D.A.R. 7970

Armando ANDRADE, Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT of Los Angeles County, Respondent The PEOPLE of the State of California, Real Party in Interest.

No. B097651.

Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 7, California.

June 28, 1996.

Michael P. Judge, Public Defender of Los Angeles County, Albert J. Menaster, John Haveson and Jack T. Weedin, Deputy Public Defenders, for Petitioner.

Gil Garcetti, District Attorney of Los Angeles County, Patrick D. Moran and William Woods, Deputy District Attorneys, for Real Party in Interest.

No appearance for Respondent.

JOHNSON, Associate Justice.

The issue is whether a defendant in a criminal case can be compelled under the reciprocal discovery statutes to supply the prosecution with his statements about the offense made to and relied upon by a psychotherapist for the purpose of preparing a report for the defense. We conclude these statements are covered by the attorney-client privilege and are exempt from discovery under the provisions of Penal Code section 1054.6.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

Armando Andrade is charged with murder. At his request, the court appointed a psychologist to examine him pursuant to Evidence Code section 730. The psychologist, Dr. Castellano, performed her examination and submitted her report to the defense. The defense then designated Dr. Castellano as an expert witness for trial. By designating the psychologist as a witness, the defense triggered the discovery provisions of Penal Code section 1054.3 ¹ which provide in relevant part: "The defendant and his or her attorney shall disclose to the prosecuting attorney: (a) The names and addresses of persons, other than the defendant, he or she intends to call as witnesses at trial, together with any relevant written or recorded statements of those persons, or reports of the statements of those persons, including any reports or statements of experts made in connection with the case...."

Pursuant to an order by the trial court, the defense supplied Dr. Castellano's report to the prosecution. However, before doing so the defense redacted certain portions of the report which, it claimed, contained statements the defendant made to Dr. Castellano regarding the charged offense. The defense contended these statements to the psychologist were not subject to discovery because they were protected by the attorney-client and psychotherapist-patient privileges and by the work product rule. The prosecution rejected this contention and demanded the full At a hearing on the prosecution's demand for the full report the trial court ruled that to the extent the psychologist used defendant's statements regarding the offense to form her opinions about his mental state, those statements had to be turned over to the prosecution. ²

unredacted psychological report including defendant's statements regarding the charged offense.

Defendant then filed a petition for a writ of mandate asking us to direct the trial court to vacate its order requiring the defense to supply the prosecution with defendant's statements to the psychologist. We stayed enforcement of the trial court's order and issued an order to show cause why the relief defendant sought should not be granted. Having reviewed the record and considered the arguments of the parties, we grant the writ.

DISCUSSION

Defendant acknowledges his statutory duty to supply the prosecution with reports prepared by experts designated as trial witnesses. (§ 1054.3, supra.) He contends, however, this duty is subject to his right to exercise his statutory and constitutional privileges including the attorney-client, psychotherapist-patient and work product privileges and the right not to incriminate himself. Defendant's contention is supported by section 1054.6 and by the decision in Rodriguez v. Superior Court (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 1260, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 120, a case directly on point.

Section 1054.6 provides: "Neither the defendant nor the prosecuting attorney is required to disclose any materials or information which are work product ... or which are privileged pursuant to an express statutory provision, or are privileged as provided by the Constitution of the United States." Thus, discovery in criminal cases does not extend to any material or information covered by the attorney-client privilege (Evid.Code § 954), the psychotherapist-patient privilege (Evid.Code § 1014) or the Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination.

The facts in Rodriguez v. Superior Court, supra, are very similar to those in the case before us. Rodriguez, who was charged with several crimes including murder, retained a psychologist, Dr. LaCalle, for the purpose of evaluating his mental condition to see if any mental defenses should be raised. After reviewing LaCalle's report, defendant notified the prosecution he intended to call LaCalle as a witness at trial. Defendant provided the prosecution with a copy of LaCalle's report but redacted the portion which contained statements by defendant regarding the charged offenses. The prosecution moved to compel production of the complete, unedited report. Rodriguez opposed the motion, arguing the deleted portion of the psychologist's report was protected from disclosure by the attorney-client and psychotherapist-patient privileges and the privilege against self-incrimination. The trial court rejected defendant's argument and ruled that if defendant intended to call the psychologist then defendant's statement "in its entirety" must be turned over to the prosecution. The Court of Appeal granted defendant a writ of mandate vacating the trial court's order.

The court held Rodriguez's statements to the psychologist regarding the charged offenses were covered by the attorney-client privilege because the psychologist was acting as the agent of Rodriguez's attorney for purposes of preparing a psychological evaluation for the defense. (14 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1265-1266, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 120.) As was stated in City & County of S.F. v. Superior Court (1951) 37 Cal.2d 227, 236, 231 P.2d 26, "[W]hen communication by a client to his attorney regarding his physical or mental condition requires the assistance of a physician to interpret the client's condition to the attorney, the client may submit to an examination by the physician without fear that the latter will be compelled to reveal the information disclosed." Rodriguez held this same rule applies when it is the client who is The court further held the attorney-client privilege is not waived merely because the defendant intends to call the psychologist as a defense witness at trial. This is so even if the psychologist "may be testifying concerning statements [defendant] made to him concerning the event and ... his opinion could, conceivably, be based, in part on those statements." (14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1267, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 120.) This result is unavoidable when sections 1054.3 and 1054.6 are read together. Unless section 1054.3 applies, there is no statutory or constitutional duty on the part of the defendant to disclose anything to the prosecution. (Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356, 379, 285 Cal.Rptr. 231, 815 P.2d 304.) In Rodriguez, the discovery provisions of section 1054.3 were triggered only because the defense intended to call Dr. LaCalle as a defense witness. If this was sufficient to waive the privilege then section 1054.6, which exempts privileged material from discovery, would have no object. Unless the material is discoverable under section 1054.3 it is not discoverable at all and there is no need to exercise a privilege to keep the material confidential. On the other hand, if material otherwise discoverable under section 1054.3 is not protected under section 1054.6 then the latter section would be, in the words of the Rodriguez court, "a nullity--superfluous and of no significance." (14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1269, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 120.)

being compelled to disclose the information. (14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1266, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 120.)

Finally, the Rodriguez court held the attorney-client privilege was not waived by partial disclosure of the psychologist's report. The court noted the disclosure was not voluntary in that it was done pursuant to court order and, in any event, waiver of privilege as to one aspect of a protected relationship does not necessarily waive the privilege as to other aspects of the privileged relationship. (14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1270, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 120, citing In re Lifschutz (1970) 2 Cal.3d 415, 434-436, 85 Cal.Rptr. 829, 467 P.2d 557, among other cases.) The court also expressed the view that from a public policy standpoint it would be unfair to declare the privilege waived when defendant was simply making a good faith attempt to comply with the discovery provisions of section 1054.3. (14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1270, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 120.)

Rather than relying on Rodriguez, a case directly on point, the trial court relied instead on Woods v. Superior Court (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 178, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 182, even though it acknowledged the case was not on point. In Woods, the issue was whether the defense was required to supply the prosecution with the defendant's responses to standardized psychological tests where the psychologist, who was identified as a defense witness, relied on the tests in reaching his conclusions, referred to the responses in his report and the report was voluntarily provided to the People. (Id. at p. 183, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 182.) The court in Woods explicitly stated it was not ruling on whether the defendant's statements to the psychologist in an interview were discoverable. (Id. at p. 183, fn. 2, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 182.) The interview statements, the court noted, were discussed at length in the psychologist's report which the defense gave to the prosecution voluntarily and in full. (Ibid.)

The trial court purported to find dictum in Woods...