Ball v. Smith

• Decision Date: 08 September 1975
• Docket Number: No. 2731--I,2731--I
• Citation: 14 Wn.App. 258,540 P.2d 906
• Parties: Mattie BALL et al., Appellants, v. Roy H. SMITH and Patricia K. Smith, his wife, Respondents.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 258

14 Wn.App. 258

540 P.2d 906

Mattie BALL et al., Appellants, v. Roy H. SMITH and Patricia K. Smith, his wife, Respondents.

No. 2731--I.

Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 1.

Sept. 8, 1975.

Edwards & Wetherall, Jack E. Wetherall, Seattle, for appellants.

Murray, Dunham & Waitt, Wayne Murray, Seattle, for respondents.

F. A. WALTERSKIRCHEN, Judge, Pro Tem. ^*

This appeal arises from an action to recover damages resulting from personal injuries sustained by Kelly Jefferson, the 7-month-old son of plaintiff Mattie Ball, when a 'live' electric plug was placed into the infant's mouth in some unknown manner. Mattie Ball, personally, and as guardian ad litem for her son, appeals from a judgment of dismissal entered on a jury defense verdict in her lawsuit against her landlord Roy H. Smith in which she alleged that her son's injuries were caused by Smith's negligence in making a temporary electrical repair. ¹

For purposes of our discussion, this appeal is presented in the following factual context: During the week prior to Saturday, August 30, 1969, Mattie Ball complained to her landlord Smith that a baseboard electrical outlet in her bedroom was defective. Smith did not send an electrician immediately, but on Saturday he went to the apartment and made a temporary repair. To supply electricity to the defective outlet, he placed a plug at both ends of a 10- to 12-foot-long extension cord, plugged one end into an outlet screwed into an overhead light socket, and plugged the other end into one of the two outlet receptacles in the baseboard, thereby supplying power to the second receptacle. Smith testified that he advised Mrs. Ball to be careful with the temporary repair until the outlet could be fixed permanently. The next day, on Sunday, Kelly Jefferson was discovered lying on the bed in Mrs. Ball's bedroom with the energized plug of the extension cord in his mouth. It is unknown how the cord came to be in the child's mouth. The child suffered severe burns and permanent disfigurement.

In her attack upon the trial court's judgment of dismissal, appellant assigns error to six of the trial court's instructions to the jury. Appellant argues that the thrust of the challenged instructions was to permit the jury to find erroneously that a 7-month-old child can be guilty of contributory negligence. See Cox v. Hugo, 52 Wash.2d 815, 329 P.2d 467 (1958). Appellant concedes, however, that trial counsel failed to take exception to any of the trial court's instructions, including those assigned as error, in these words:

The plaintiff has no objections, no exceptions. No exceptions to the Court's, and you gave the instruction we proposed, I believe.

The general rule is that the failure to take exception to a trial court's instructions precludes the review of such instruction on appeal. O'Brien v. Artz, 74 Wash.2d 558, 445 P.2d 632 (1968); Renton v. Scott Pac. Terminal, Inc., 9 Wash.App. 364, 512 P.2d 1137 (1973). Nevertheless, appellant contends that we may consider her claim of error, arguing that the rights of a minor child are involved and that the question presented affects her right to maintain her action on behalf of that child. See Siegler v. Kuhlman, 81 Wash.2d 448, 502 P.2d 1181 (1972); Maynard Inv. Co. v. McCann, 77 Wash.2d 616, 465 P.2d 657 (1970); In re Deming, 192 Wash. 190, 73 P.2d 764 (1937). We need not resolve this question because we have determined on independent grounds that a new trial is necessary in this case. If error was present in the instructions as given, counsel will have the opportunity to prevent it on retrial. See Greene v. Rothschild, 68 Wash.2d 1, 402 P.2d 356 (1965); Stratton v. Department of Labor & Indus., 7 Wash.App. 652, 501 P.2d 1072 (1972).

Appellant's remaining assignment of error is directed to the trial court's rejection of her offer of proof on the issue of negligence per se through the testimony of LeRoy G. Eagon, Chief Electrical Inspector for the City of Seattle, as to the content and effect of the city's electrical code. During a recess and in the absence of the jury, plaintiff's trial counsel Cyphers advised the court that the electrical inspector would be his next witness, and the following colloquy ensued:

THE COURT: What is your offer of proof? MR. CYPHERS: The offer of proof of this case, it is LeRoy Eagon, he is one of the chiefs of electrical inspectors, that is his title, that he has under his control the records pertaining to an inspection made as a result of a call made by Mrs. Ball on these premises after this accident some time in the forepart of September, as I recall, in 1969. Mr. Watkins, the inspector who made the inspection, is now deceased and, therefore, we are calling Mr. Eagon, because of his death, he will testify that he examined the electrical system, electrical wiring and things at this apartment. THE COURT: Who did, the deceased? MR. CYPHERS: Yes. The records will show that the deceased examined the electrical wiring and such at this apartment three of this apartment house, and that he reported back there were numerous violations of the electrical code of the City of Seattle. He will also testify--this inspector will also testify that the making of this extension cord by two male plugs is a violation of the electrical code of the City of Seattle, the manner in which they were constructed and utilized for the purpose of bringing the extension and plug from the ceiling plug to the wall plug is in violation of the electrical code of the City of Seattle. . . . That is what he can testify to is that it will be a violation. . . . So far as the testimony, your Honor, the testimony of the electrical inspector is concerned, if his testimony is that this cord is put in in this manner is a violation of the code, that is negligence per se. . . . The electrical code, Section 4.100.8, 'It shall be unlawful to connect to the electrical current any electrical installations, extensions, into the old electrical equipment until a lawful permit for such work has been obtained and the work inspected and approved.' . . . There are other sections the inspector was going to bring with him, too.

Subsequently, the trial court indicated that its ruling would be as follows:

MR. CYPHERS: We have this electrical code problem, your Honor. THE COURT: Right. I have checked it. I picked a few brains around the courthouse here and there wasn't single one that said it would be admissible. With the same reasoning you used. Go ahead and make your record. Go ahead and make your offer of proof so that there is no question about it. That all we want to indicate, this is for the record, the judges that I talked to and they have wide trial experience and judicial experience, they have indicated it would be strictly a question of fact for the jury and whether or not the placing of this temporary extension line was negligence, and whether or not, if the jury should find it was negligence, that a reasonable and prudent person wouldn't have acted the same under same or similar circumstances, it would be up to the jury then to determine whether or not that negligence is a proximate cause of injury to Kelly. MR. CYPHERS: Correct, but any indication of the testimony of the electrical code to show the jury whether there was a violation of that electrical code would not be admissible? THE COURT: That's right, it would not be admissible. If you could show that no extension could be used temporarily in a place that is presently built that isn't under alteration or under new construction, fine, then you would be entitled to bring it in and only (in) that case. MR. CYPHERS: That is where I am relying on the witness.

Thereupon, in the absence of the jury, the witness Eagon was called, and his testimony included the following:

A (Reading) 'The purpose of this code is the practical safeguarding of persons and of buildings and their contents from hazards arising from the use of electricity for light, heat, power, radio, signaling and for other purposes.' . . . The code doesn't specify or specifically say that two male conductors can be used on either end of the (cord), but the intent is not to permit exposed terminals. And in Section 4.100.15 it says all spliced ends and free ends of conductors shall be covered with insulation equal to that of the conductors. The whole intent is to cover an exposed terminal. Q So that there is no way there can be an exposed terminal which is which we say hot? A Yes, true. Q Again referring to these exhibits and the electrical cord with two male plugs, one plugged into a socket where there is electrical current, would that leave the other end active if it were not inserted in the receptacle? A Yes, it would. Q You consider that in violation of the various provisions of this code? A Yes, and an evident hazard.

The witness went on to testify as to various other provisions of the code concerning the use of flexible cords and the requirements of permits and inspections relating to certain electrical installations. He indicated that 'flexible cords' could not be 'longer than six feet except on approved assemblies.' From the record, it appears that the witness gave much of his testimony by reading from a copy of the Seattle Electrical Code. The code was not marked as an exhibit or offered in evidence, but no objection was made to the witness' reading from the code as part of the offer of proof. Ultimately, the trial court questioned the witness as follows:

THE COURT: The owner, I think the testimony shows that the owner of the apartment, tried to get an electrician up there but couldn't because it was a Saturday. He promised the tenant that on Monday he would send an electrician around. He said he would rig it up so that she could get power to the wall outlets by running a line from the plug down the wall to the outlet and this is what he attempted to do. THE WITNESS: Yes, I understand it. THE COURT: Now you say as a matter of law anybody who does that is in...