Banner v. Raisin Valley, Inc., 3:96CV7197.

• Citation: 31 F.Supp.2d 591
• Decision Date: 03 December 1998
• Docket Number: No. 3:96CV7197.,3:96CV7197.
• Parties: BANNER, et al., Plaintiffs, v. RAISIN VALLEY, INC., et al., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Northern District of Ohio

Page 591

31 F.Supp.2d 591

BANNER, et al., Plaintiffs, v. RAISIN VALLEY, INC., et al., Defendants.

No. 3:96CV7197.

United States District Court, N.D. Ohio, Western Division.

December 3, 1998.

Holly Bowen Safronoff, Eric A. Parzianello, Evans & Luptak, Detroit, MI, James L. Schuller, Schuller & Bennett, Toledo, OH, for Althea B. Banner.

Raymond H. Pittman, III, Ritter, Robinson, McCready & James, Toledo, OH, for Westfield Ins. Co.

Martin J. Holmes, Richard L. Emery, Shindler, Neff, Holmes & Schlageter, Toledo, OH, Frank Leonetti, III, Kenneth Pascal Abbarno, Reminger & Reminger, Cleveland, OH, for Raisin Valley, Inc., Earl Peter Phillips, Gell Management Corp., Crossroads of Lenawee, Inc., Gary E. Phillips, Lori L. Phillips, Warren Phillips and Cora Mae Phillips,

Mark L. Dolin, Timothy W. Mizerowski, Landau, Omahana & Kopka, Southfeld, MI, for Auto Owners Ins. Co.

Robert L. DeJong, Vincent E. Woltjer, Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone, Grand Rapids, MI, for Pioneer State Mut. Co.

Kenneth C. Newa, William J. Lynch, Stanley A. Prokop, Plunkett & Cooney, Detroit, MI, Paul E. Perry, Plunkett & Cooney, Bloomfield Hills, MI, for Reliance Ins. Co.

Cormac B. Delaney, Manahan, Pietrykowski, Bamman & Delaney, Toledo, OH, for Grange Mut. Cas. Co.

John R. Wienold, Wienold & Amoni, Aurora, IL, for Ramon Jimison.

Order

CARR, District Judge.

This is a case resulting from an accident involving a tractor-trailer and four passenger vehicles. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Pending is the summary judgment motion by defendant Reliance Insurance Co. which insured the tractor-trailer and its driver Earl Phillips. (Doc. 177). For the following reasons, defendant's motion shall be granted.

It is undisputed that defendant insured the tractor-trailer for up to $1,000,000 for each accident. The issue raised by defendant's motion is whether the accident on December 29, 1995 was a single accident or a series of related but separate accidents. For the following reasons, I find that there was one accident.

On December 29, 1995, Earl Phillips was driving a tractor-trailer westbound on Ohio State Route 2 in Carroll Township, Ottawa County, Ohio, when he collided with four vehicles. Phillips first hit a Ford Mustang traveling eastbound. He then hit an eastbound Dodge Dakota pickup traveling 55 mph a few car lengths behind the Mustang. Phillips then struck a Chevy Tahoe a car length or two behind the Dodge Dakota. Both the Chevy Tahoe and then the tractor-trailer struck a fourth car. The occupants of the fourth vehicle involved in the accident are not a party to this case. The tractor-trailer came to rest partially in the eastbound lane and partially in the westbound lane.

It is not known exactly why Phillips came to be in the eastbound lane. Phillips stated, "The first thing I recollect is a lot of debris flying by my truck on both sides. Like a tunnel that I could see out of I had no vision of cars or anything coming at me. After I came to a stop I just sat there for a short while. I knew I had been in a bad accident." (Doc. 186, Ex. 4 at 17). The statement of other witnesses to the accident indicate that Phillips came into the opposing lane of traffic and did not begin to leave it until he came to a stop. There is absolutely no evidence that Phillips ever regained control of the vehicle after colliding with the first car.

This accident took place in Ohio and some of the victims are Ohio residents. Earl Phillips is a Michigan resident and his car is titled to a Michigan corporation. Both Ohio and Michigan have significant relationships to this accident. The insurance policy does not have a choice of law clause, thus there is a possibility that either Michigan or Ohio law could apply to the state law issues in this case.

I do not find, however, that application of Michigan law would produce a result different from application of Ohio law. Thus, I need not resolve the conflict of laws issue. Under both Michigan and Ohio law, the term "accident" as found in defendant's insurance policy is unambiguous.¹

Defendant's policy provides: "We will pay all sums an `insured' legally must pay as damages because of `bodily injury' or `property damage' to which this insurance applies, caused by an "accident" and resulting from the ownership, maintenance or use of a covered `auto.'" (Doc. 186 Ex. 2, § II, A). The policy defines "accident" as "includ[ing] continuous or repeated exposure to the same conditions resulting in `bodily injury' or `property damage.'" (Doc, 186, Ex. 2, § V, A). The limit of the insurance is $1,000,000 per accident and "[r]egardless of the number of covered `autos,' `insureds,' premiums paid, claims made or vehicles involved in the accident, the most [defendant] will pay for the total of all damages ... resulting from any one `accident' is [$1,000,000]." (Doc. 186, Ex. 2, § II C).

The policy definition of accident refers to "continuous" or "repeated" exposure to the same conditions. Such definition contemplates multiple injuries resulting from a single cause. The limitation of liability section clearly states that the limit applies regardless of the number of vehicles involved in the accident. Thus, "accident," as defined in the policy, encompasses accidents that involve multiple injuries and multiple vehicles.²

Plaintiff concedes that a single accident may involve more than two automobiles. However, plaintiff seems to contemplate that in such an accident, all the automobiles will hit each other simultaneously. In an accident involving more than two cars, it is virtually impossible for all the cars to impact at the same time. There would be at least some split second difference in impact times. Plaintiff argues that anything other than a simultaneous collision will result in multiple accidents, I cannot agree.

In determining the number of accidents or occurrences under liability policies, courts have generally applied one of three general approaches:

(1) the policy limits clause refers to the cause or causes of the accident or occurrence (the "causation view"); (2) the policy limits clause refers to effect or result of the accident or occurrence (the "effect view"); (3) the policy limits clause refers to the liability triggering event (the "liability triggering event view").

Dow Chemical Co. v. Associated Indemnity Corp., 727 F.Supp. 1524, 1526 (E.D.Mich. 1989). The vast majority of jurisdictions apply the "cause view" in determining the number of accidents or occurrences under liability policies.³ Id. at 1528. I have not found a Michigan or Ohio case applying the "effects view" or the "liability triggering view" in the context of a car accident. Thus, I hold that if the courts of Ohio and Michigan were faced with the set of facts presented here, they would both follow the "cause view" as embodied in the cases discussed below.

Courts from jurisdictions other than Ohio and Michigan have dealt with the issue of multiple vehicle collisions. The common thread between these cases is whether the driver ever regained control of his vehicle. In Hyer v. Inter-Insurance Exchange of Automobile Club of Southern California, 77 Cal. App. 343, 246 P. 1055, 1055 (Cal.App.1926), the court found a single accident where the collision with the first car "broke the steering gear of the [car], causing it to become unmanageable, so that its path of travel could not be controlled" and caused a collision with a second car.

In Truck Insurance Exchange v. Rohde, 49 Wash.2d 465, 303 P.2d 659, 663 (Wash. 1956), the court found a single accident where an automobile hit three motorcycles about 75 feet apart because the automobile "went out of control, either before or simultaneously with the first collision, and [it] remained out of control until it came to rest after the third collision."

A New Jersey court held in Bacon v. Miller, 113 N.J.Super. 271, 273 A.2d 602, 604 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.1971), that there was one accident where a car went up on the sidewalk and continued on the sidewalk striking three pedestrians. Citing to Truck Insurance Exchange, the court found that "defendant's car was out of control from the time of first contact." Id. at 605.

In Olsen v. Moore, 56 Wis.2d 340, 202 N.W.2d 236, 241 (Wis.1972), defendant's vehicle struck two cars approximately 6 car lengths apart. Defendant's testimony regarding the accident was similar to statement of Earl Phillips regarding the accident: "I remember making a turn off onto Highway I-94, I remember passing a car, I remember rolling up the window so the wind wouldn't blow in, and I proceeded down the highway and that's the last I remember." Id. The court found that "there was virtually no time or space interval between the two impacts [and defendant] never regained his control over the automobile prior to striking the second...." Id.

In Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company v. Wesolowski, 33 N.Y.2d 169, 350 N.Y.S.2d 895, 305 N.E.2d 907, 909 (N.Y. 1973), a car traveling southbound sideswiped a vehicle heading northbound and then proceeded to collide head on with a second northbound vehicle. Before the collision, the northbound vehicles were 400 to 500 feet apart and there was at least 130 feet between the first and the second collision. See id. Based on those facts, the highest court of the State of New York held that there was a single accident because "the two collisions here occurred but an instant apart. The continuum between the two impacts was unbroken, with no intervening agent or operative factor." Id. at 910, 350 N.Y.S.2d 895.

The cases finding multiple accidents rather than a single accident are distinguishable from the instant case. In Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. Rawls, 404 F.2d 880 (5th Cir.1968), the Fifth Circuit found two accidents where the driver, Bess, was traveling at a high rate of speed being pursued by two deputy sheriffs. There was "no evidence that the Bess automobile went out of control after striking the rear end of appelle...