Benefield v. McDowall, No. 00-1097

• Decision Date: 05 March 2001
• Docket Number: No. 00-1097
• Citation: 241 F.3d 1267
• Parties: (10th Cir. 2001) LONNIE BENEFIELD, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. C.O. McDOWALL, in her individual and official capacities, Defendant-Appellant
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 1267

241 F.3d 1267 (10th Cir. 2001)

LONNIE BENEFIELD, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. C.O. McDOWALL, in her individual and official capacities, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 00-1097

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

March 05, 2001

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO. (D.C. No. 98-S-739)

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Lonnie Benefield, pro se.

Thomas L. Strickland, U.S. Attorney, and Martha A. Paluch, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant.

Before EBEL, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Defendant-Appellant C. O. McDowall appeals the district court's ruling denying her qualified immunity in this action brought by Plaintiff-Appellee Lonnie Benefield pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). Specifically, Ms. McDowall contends that the district court erred in denying her motion to dismiss Plaintiff's complaint alleging that she had labeled him a "snitch," thus exposing him to harm at the hands of other inmates. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1291, see Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 311-12 (1995), and we affirm.

I.

On April 1, 1998, Plaintiff, while incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary in Florence, Colorado,¹ filed his original complaint against Warden Joel H. Knowles, Correctional Officer McDowall, and a Bureau of Prisons employee, Mr. Feltz. In his complaint, Plaintiff alleged that he was disciplined and placed in administrative segregation in January 1998 by Mr. Knowles and Mr. Feltz, based on false charges brought by Ms. McDowall. On May 4, 1998, the district court dismissed the claims against Mr. Knowles and Mr. Feltz as legally frivolous and ordered Plaintiff to file an amended complaint identifying and clarifying his claims against Defendant McDowall.

On September 1, 1998, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint alleging that Ms. McDowall labeled him a "snitch" to other inmates, conspired to have him attacked or killed by other inmates because of his reputation as a snitch, and filed a false incident report resulting in his discipline and placement in administrative segregation. Ms. McDowall filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff's claims against her in her official capacity based on sovereign immunity, and to dismiss Plaintiff's claims against her in her individual capacity for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and on qualified immunity grounds.

On December 10, 1999, the magistrate judge recommended that Ms. McDowall's motion be granted as to Plaintiff's claims against her in her official capacity, but denied as to Plaintiff's claims against her in her individual capacity. In so recommending, the magistrate judge relied on this court's decision in Northington v. Marin, 102 F.3d 1564 (10th Cir. 1996), to find that labeling a prisoner a snitch violates a prisoner's constitutional rights under the Eighth Amendment, and that the law was clearly established in this circuit at the time the alleged offense occurred. Following consideration of the objections of both parties and de novo review, the district court issued an order adopting the recommendations of the magistrate judge. In its order, the district court concluded that Plaintiff's allegation that Ms. McDowall deliberately exposed him to harm at the hands of other inmates by labeling him a snitch stated an Eighth Amendment violation which "[a]t this stage of the proceedings . . . survives [McDowall's] assertion of qualified immunity." Aplt. Br., Att. 1 at 5. For the following reasons, we agree.

II.

A denial of qualified immunity that accepts the plaintiff's version of the facts and concludes that given those facts, the defendant violated clearly established law is immediately appealable because it presents for appellate review an abstract legal issue, rather than a mere factual dispute. Johnson v. Martin, 195 F.3d 1208, 1214-15 (10th Cir. 1999). We review the denial of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss de novo, applying the same standard as the district court. Sutton v. Utah State Sch. for the Deaf & Blind, 173 F.3d 1226, 1236 (10th Cir. 1999). "We accept the well-pleaded allegations of the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Ramirez v. Dep't of Corrections, 222 F.3d 1238, 1240 (10th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). A complaint should not be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) "unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Id. (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). We no longer apply a "heightened pleading standard" to Plaintiff's complaint even though Ms. McDowall has asserted a defense of qualified immunity. See Currier v. Doran, Nos. 99-2287, 99-2288, 2000 WL 202045, at (10th Cir. Mar. 1, 2001). The issue before us is whether the allegations in the complaint establish the violation of a constitutional right, and if so, whether that right was clearly established. See Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226, 232 (1991).

III.

In his amended complaint, Plaintiff asserted that Ms. McDowall put him in danger of attack or even death at the hands of other inmates by circulating rumors that he was a snitch and by showing other inmates a letter he allegedly wrote, indicating that he was giving information to the prison investigations staff. He further alleged that Ms. McDowall fabricated an incident report accusing Plaintiff of engaging in a sexual act, resulting in his placement in administrative segregation.²

"[P]rison officials have a duty . . . to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other prisoners." Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994) (citation omitted, alteration in original). "A prison official's deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of serious harm to an inmate violates the Eighth Amendment." Id. at 828 (internal quotations omitted). In Farmer, the Supreme Court clarified the "deliberate indifference" standard, explicitly rejecting a purely objective test and holding that the Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference standard has a subjective component. Id. at 837. A prison official who "knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety" is deliberately indifferent for these purposes. Id. Therefore, in order to establish a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim for failure to protect, a plaintiff "must show that he is incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm," the objective component, and that the prison official was deliberately indifferent to his safety, the subjective component. Id. at 834; see also Northington, 102 F.3d at 1567.

There is no dispute that the law in this circuit addressing this issue was well-established at the time of defendant's conduct. In Northington, we specifically held that labeling an inmate a snitch satisfies the Farmer standard, and constitutes deliberate indifference to the safety of that inmate. Northington, 102 F.3d at 1567. Other circuits have also recognized that labeling an inmate a snitch has the potential for great harm and may violate constitutional guarantees. See Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135, 1138-39 (9th Cir. 1989) (reversing grant of summary judgment for defendants where inmate produced evidence tending to show prison officials called him a snitch in order to subject him to life-threatening retaliation by other inmates); Harmon v. Berry, 728 F.2d 1407, 1409 (11th Cir. 1984) (per curiam) (holding that claim that prison officials labeled inmate a snitch, thereby exposing him to inmate retaliation, could not be dismissed before service); Gullatte v. Potts, 654 F.2d 1007, 1012 (5th Cir. 1981) (remanding Eighth Amendment snitch claim to determine whether defendant knew or should have known danger associated with snitch label and whether defendant took reasonable steps to protect inmate from that danger); see also Reece v. Groose, 60 F.3d 487, 488 (8th Cir. 1995) (recognizing that reputation as a snitch places inmate "at a substantial risk of injury at [other inmates'] hands"). Therefore, if we accept as true Plaintiff's allegations that Ms. McDowall labeled him a snitch, that the label was communicated to other inmates, and that she was aware of the obvious danger associated with a reputation as a snitch, clearly established law provides that Ms. McDowall violated Plaintiff's constitutional rights under the Eighth Amendment.

The government attempts to distinguish Northington by arguing that it turns on the fact that the inmate actually was assaulted after being labeled a snitch. E.g. Aplt Br. at 8; see also Dawes v. Walker, 239 F.3d 489, 494 (2d Cir. Feb. 8, 2001) . According to the government, "extreme deprivations are required to make out a conditions-of-confinement claim," Aplt. Br. at 13 (quoting Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 9 (1992)), and the mere risk of harm by other inmates is insufficient to state an Eighth Amendment claim. Further, absent physical attacks or threats by other inmates, the government contends that labeling an inmate a snitch is merely "an assertion of verbal harassment." Aplt. Br. at 13. The government relies upon a line of Seventh Circuit cases holding that "psychological injury" caused by living in fear of other inmates is not compensable under the Eighth Amendment. See Doe v. Welborn, 110...