Blair v. State

• Decision Date: 14 April 1987
• Docket Number: No. 86-165,86-165
• Citation: 735 P.2d 440
• Parties: Richard BLAIR, Appellant (Defendant), v. The STATE of Wyoming, Appellee (Plaintiff).
• Court: Wyoming Supreme Court

Page 440

735 P.2d 440

Richard BLAIR, Appellant (Defendant), v. The STATE of Wyoming, Appellee (Plaintiff).

No. 86-165.

Supreme Court of Wyoming.

April 14, 1987.

Leonard Munker, State Public Defender, Gerald M. Gallivan, Director, Wyoming Defender Aid Program, Josephine Fagan McClain, Student Intern, Wyoming Defender Aid Program, for appellant.

A.G. McClintock, Atty. Gen., John W. Renneisen, Sr. Asst. Atty. Gen., and Karen A. Byrne, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

Before BROWN, C.J., and THOMAS, CARDINE, URBIGKIT and MACY, JJ.

URBIGKIT, Justice.

This is an "I didn't do it, but, if I did, she consented" sexual-assault case, where the convicted appellant challenges the denial of a consent instruction. As the single present issue, appellant argues that it was error for the trial court to reject his requested instruction regarding acquiescence, apprehension, and resistance as a theory of his sexual-assault-charge defense at trial.

The complainant and appellant "partied" together extensively at several bars, resulting in their arrival together at complainant's house at a late night hour. The complainant testified that when they arrived at the residence, the appellant beat her and forced her to engage in sexual intercourse. The appellant testified to the converse, that the two pursued mutually interesting nonsexual activities, including mostly talking, except that he did slap the complainant, bloodying her nose, when her disparaging comment regarding his former girlfriend irritated him.

Both participants then testified that the complainant went upstairs to see about her daughter, who was sleeping in the house. The complainant then awakened the daughter, and the partially clothed daughter and disheveled complainant evacuated through a back door, while appellant "patiently" waited downstairs for the complainant to return from checking on her child. The daughter testified that she was awakened by her mother, with the comment that "there is a crazy downstairs, and we have to get out of here."

After stopping by the bar to seek assistance from a friend of the appellant, the complainant and her child went to the police station and reported the incident. The appellant was charged and convicted of first-degree sexual assault. On these facts, we are presented with a question regarding a requested proper instruction on consent and acquiescence.

The trial court gave this instruction:

"There is a difference between submission and consent, and submission does not necessarily involve consent. Acquiescence is not consent if induced by fear or reasonable apprehension of bodily harm through fear. Lack of consent may exist without resistance, through fear."

The appellant presented the following instruction which was rejected by the court:

"Acquiescence is not consent if induced by fear or reasonable apprehension of bodily harm, and the reasonableness of the fear rests with the jury.

"Reasonable apprehension or reasonable fear on the part of the female must be based on something of substance. The fear must be of death or severe bodily harm. The female cannot simply say 'I was scared', and thus transform an apparent consent into a legal nonconsent which makes the man's act a crime. She must have a reasonable apprehension of something real, her fear must not be fanciful but substantial.

"A female must resist unless she has a reasonable apprehension or reasonable fear of death or severe bodily harm. Unless the female has a reasonable apprehension or reasonable fear of death or severe bodily harm, her acquiescence is consent."

Appellant presented as the theory of defense that in the alternative no sexual intercourse occurred, or, if it did, no force was used. ¹

We find justification for appellant's position that a defendant may submit alternative or tenuous theories of defense. United States v. Young, 464 F.2d 160 (5th Cir.1972); United States v. Grimes, 413 F.2d 1376 (7th Cir.1969); Strauss v. United States, 376 F.2d 416 (5th Cir.1967); Salley v. United States, 353 F.2d 897 (D.C.Cir.1965); Perez v. United States, 297 F.2d 12 (5th Cir.1961); Tatum v. United States, 190 F.2d 612 (D.C.Cir.1951), cert. denied 356 U.S. 943, 78 S.Ct. 788, 2 L.Ed.2d 818 (1958). See also Naugher v. State, Wyo., 685 P.2d 37 (1984); and State v. Southerland, 45 Wash.App. 885, 728 P.2d 1079 (1986); and see Cassas v. Cassas, 73 Wyo. 147, 276 P.2d 456, 69 A.L.R.2d 187 (1954) as a civil case. However, any theory must be based on some evidence for the defendant to be entitled to have an instruction actually given to the jury. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure: Criminal 2d § 482 at 689. Consent to intercourse was not in issue in this case when appellant provided no supporting evidence by his testimony which was clearly directed to the position that no intercourse had occurred. See State v. Elmore, Mo.App., 723 S.W.2d 418 (1986).

The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals recently stated:

" * * * [T]he appellant asserts that the trial court failed to give requested instructions on the lesser included offenses of murder in the second degree and manslaughter in the first degree. The record reveals that the appellant testified that she did not kill Cindy Baillee, but that Teresa Baker fired the shots which killed her. She further testified that she had no intent to aid in the killing, nor did she plan the crime. We have held that 'when a defendant, who has a right of election as to several defenses, takes the stand as a witness and makes such admissions as to render every theory of defense unavailable save one, he will be deemed to have elected that one.' Wiley v. State, 551 P.2d 1146, 1150 (Okl.Cr.1976)." Smith v. State, Okl.Cr.App., 727 P.2d 1366, 1371 (1986).

That comment synthesizes our view of the well-established criminal-law standard that instructions given pursuant to Rule 31, W.R.Cr.P. (Rule 30, F.R.Cr.P.) and Rule 51, W.R.C.P., advancing the theory of defense should only be given where some evidence in the record exists to support the theory. Amin v. State, Wyo., 695 P.2d 1021 (1985). Sanchez v. State, Wyo., 694 P.2d 726 (1985); Patterson v. State, Wyo., 682 P.2d 1049 (1984); People v. Marquez, Colo., 692 P.2d 1089 (1984).

Defendant received the gratuity of the instruction given by the court. Neither it nor the one tendered was justified in view of the appellant's consistent insistence that no intercourse occurred. Appellant surely could not contend that the alleged victim consented where he testified that she did not engage in that sexual activity. See Lopez v. State, Wyo., 544 P.2d 855 (1976).

Because neither instruction was required, consideration of the adequacy or propriety of either instruction would only be obiter dictum. Western Utility Contractors, Inc. v. City of Casper, Wyo., 731 P.2d 24 (1986).

Affirmed.

CARDINE, Justice, specially concurring.

I concur in the affirmance of appellant's conviction but disagree with the holding of the majority that appellant was not entitled to have the jury instructed on the question of consent.

The majority states that "[c]onsent to intercourse was not in issue in this case when appellant provided no supporting evidence by his testimony which was clearly directed to the position that no intercourse had occurred." Therefore, the majority concludes, the appellant was not entitled to any instruction on the question of consent or lack of consent.

Appellant was charged with first degree sexual assault...