Blucher v. Ekstrom

• Decision Date: 01 September 1986
• Docket Number: No. 249,249
• Citation: 513 A.2d 923,68 Md.App. 459
• Parties: Audrey BLUCHER v. Doris Jean EKSTROM. ,
• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland

Page 459

68 Md.App. 459

513 A.2d 923

Audrey BLUCHER v. Doris Jean EKSTROM.

No. 249, Sept. Term, 1986.

Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.

Sept. 4, 1986.

Thomas J. Dolina (Thomas G. Bodie and Power & Mosner, on the brief), Towson, for appellant.

Charles E. Stoner, Westminster, for appellee.

Argued before GILBERT, C.J., and BISHOP and KARWACKI, JJ.

GILBERT, Chief Judge.

There is, as far as we know, no legal maxim that states, "Si causam actionis non potes invenire, causam excognite" (If there is no cause of action, invent one), but in today's litigious society the apothegm should exist because that seems to be the order of the day. The instant case is illustrative of the point. Specifically, we are asked to declare that the statutory duty on an adult child to support a destitute parent creates a concomitant cause of action entitling the adult child to recover compensation from the party who injured the adult child's parent.

The facts

This appeal has proceeded in accordance with Md.Rule 1029 (Expedited Appeal). Accordingly, the parties submitted an "Agreed Statement of the Case." It reads:

"On February 13, 1984, the Appellant, AUDREY BLUCHER, was operating her motor vehicle on Maryland Route 482. Her mother, Betty Hoyer, was a passenger.

The vehicle was struck by the vehicle operated by the Appellee, CARROLL LEE EKSTROM, and owned by Appellee, DORIS EKSTROM, resulting in injuries to both Audrey Blucher and Betty Hoyer.

Betty Hoyer was taken to Sinai Hospital where she was placed in the intensive care unit. Her initial diagnosis summarized by Dr. Ronald Cohen was a very complex distal femur fracture, fractures in both wrists, and closed head injuries.

With therapy at Sinai, Ms. Hoyer began to feed herself and was able to verbalize slightly. With the discharge date approaching, her attending physician discussed with Ms. Hoyer's family, including Audrey, the alternatives for professional care after discharge.

The family realized that more financial burdens would follow if Ms. Hoyer was to receive the necessary care and treatment at a private facility. Their only alternative short of selling their home and obtaining State assistance would be to attempt the long process of care and rehabilitation at the family home.

Prior to the automobile accident, ... AUDREY BLUCHER (then known as Audrey Hoyer), was employed as a registered nurse (medical and surgical) with St. Joseph's Hospital. Audrey's sister was also employed as a registered nurse and as such both had the professional skills to provide home care for their mother.

A plan for Betty Hoyer's home care was devised with the help of Dr. Rosenberg, the family's physician. In his report of August 27, 1984, Dr. Rosenberg states "Mrs. Hoyer remains essentially totally disabled ... [Betty Hoyer] continues to require 24-hour attention as far as nursing care, supplemented by continued speech therapy, occupational therapy and physical therapy ... maximal rehabilitation will still leave her considerably dependent with limited capability and ambulating and capacity for self-care".

Betty Hoyer was discharged from Sinai Hospital on April 13, 1984, and Audrey began providing constant nursing care to her mother with weekly to bi-monthly supervision by Home Health Nursing. However, on April 30, 1984, Betty Hoyer was released by that program for reasons stated by Jean Thornton, R.N. that Audrey was providing appropriate nursing care and managing her mother's nursing needs without difficulty. Physical therapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy continued.

In order to provide the necessary constant care to her medically disabled mother, Audrey was forced to leave her nursing position and employment with St. Joseph's Hospital, suffering a total loss of income.

AUDREY BLUCHER filed suit against CARROLL LEE EKSTROM and DORIS EKSTROM, alleging negligence, reckless entrustment, and in Count III, a separate and distinct action for recovery of her lost wages as a result of providing the necessary medical care to her mother.

AUDREY BLUCHER alleged in the Court below that she had a duty under the Family Law Article of the Maryland Annotated Code, Section 13,102 [sic] to care for her mother because of her mother's financial inability to provide for her own care.

Ms. Blucher further alleged that such a statutory duty grants her the right to recover any losses incurred as a result of performing that statutory duty against the original tortfeasor.

Defendants filed a general denial with a Motion to Dismiss as to Count II's claim for punitive damages, and Count III's claim for damages as a separate and distinct cause of action.

Argument was heard before Judge Donald Gilmore in the Circuit Court for Carroll County on December 23, 1985. After consideration, Judge Gilmore reserved Defendants' Motion to Dismiss as to Count II, but granted the Motion as to Count III without leave to amend. Judge Gilmore's decision was finalized by Order dated March 18, 1986 in compliance with Maryland Rule 2-602."

To an agreed statement we append the additional fact that Mrs. Hoyer's claim against the Ekstroms was settled. She executed a joint tortfeasor release which provides that in consideration of the payment of $120,000 she "released and forever quit claimed" the appellee Carroll Ekstrom.

The Law

According to Sir William Blackstone, the obligation of "children to provide for their father when fallen into poverty" was found in the Athenian laws. II Blackstone Commentaries on the Law of England 454. By Act of Parliament the duty to support a destitute parent became the law of England. See 43 Eliz. I Ch. 2 § 7 (1601). ¹ In Article 5 of the Declaration of Rights to the State Constitution it is provided "that the Inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the Common Law of England, and the trial by Jury, ... and to the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed on the Fourth of July, seventeen hundred and seventy-six." Thus the rationale, if not the letter, of the Statute of 43 Eliz. I Ch. 2 § 7 found its way into the Maryland Code. Formerly an integral part of the criminal law statute of the Code, ² the present statute is now found in Md.Fam.Law Code Ann. § 13-102(a). It provides: "If a destitute parent is in this State and has an adult child who has or is able to earn sufficient means, the adult child may not neglect or refuse to provide the destitute parent with food, shelter, care and clothing."

"Destitute parent" is defined to mean one who: "(1) has no means of subsistence; and (2) cannot be self-supporting, due to old age or mental or physical infirmity." Md.Fam.Law Code Ann. § 13-101(c).

Ms. Blucher seizes upon the statutory duty of support and fuses it to the old maxim that a single tortious act may give rise to more than one cause of action. Based on that merger, she then concludes that an adult child may recover damages from the party who causes physical infirmity to his or her parent. ³ The purpose of Md.Fam.Law Code Ann. § 13-102(a) is not to create a cause of action on behalf of adult children of a disabled parent but, in-so-far as possible, to remove destitute parents from public support and to place responsibility for their upkeep on their adult children. The criminal sanctions imposed by the legislature are a recognition of the fact that not all adult children will voluntarily support their destitute parent or parents. In order to encourage compliance with the legal requirement of support, the General Assembly has enacted a penal provision for noncompliance. ⁴

The Court of Appeals cautioned in Gregg v. Gregg, 199 Md. 662, 670, 87 A.2d 581, 584 (1952), "that any change in the common law rule had to be made by express legislative mandate." (Emphasis in original.) See also Lutz v. State, 167 Md. 12, 15, 172 A. 354, 355 (1934), and Hooper v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 12 Md. 464 (1859). In Hooper, 12 Md. at 475, the Court, quoting from Dwanes on Statutes, said:

"As a rule of exposition, statutes are to be construed in reference to the principles of the common law. For it is not to be presumed that the Legislature intended to make any innovation upon the common law, further than the case absolutely required. The law rather infers that the Act did not intend to make any alteration other than what is specified, and besides what has been plainly pronounced." (Emphasis in original.)

The Lutz Court cited with approval to that particular passage of Hooper. Lutz also quoted 25 R.C.L. 1054 to the effect that:

"The rules of the common law are not to be changed by doubtful implication, nor overturned except by clear and...