Bruce v. State

• Decision Date: 21 April 1977
• Docket Number: No. 3,No. 53655,53655,3
• Parties: P. N. BRUCE v. The STATE
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

Page 606

235 S.E.2d 606

142 Ga.App. 211

P. N. BRUCE v. The STATE.

No. 53655.

Court of Appeals of Georgia, Division No. 3.

April 21, 1977.

Rehearing Denied May 6, 1977.

Spence & Milam, Oliver H. Doss, Jr., Ballew & Johnstone, James V. Johnstone, Blue Ridge, for appellant.

C. B. Holcomb, Dist. Atty., Frank C. Mills, III, Asst. Dist. Atty., Blue Ridge, for appellee.

MARSHALL, Judge.

The defendant appeals from his convictions of robbery by intimidation and aggravated assault. Held :

1. The appellant contends that the verdicts of not guilty of armed robbery (which the judge charged must be committed with an offensive weapon) and guilty of aggravated assault (which the judge charged must be with a deadly weapon, which they might find his fists to have been) were inconsistent.

The sequence of events as testified to by the victim was that the appellant first beat her with his fists, then raped her, then took her money. Thus, the jury could have found that the initial beating with fists constituted the aggravated assault, and that the taking of the money was not done by the use of his fists ("offensive weapons"), but by threat of their use (thus authorizing the conviction of robbery by intimidation). Thus viewed, the conviction of aggravated assault was not inconsistent with the acquittal of armed robbery.

Furthermore, an assault becomes aggravated not only when it is made with a deadly weapon, as the judge charged, but also when there is an intent to murder, to rape, or to rob. Code Ann. § 26-1302 (Ga.L.1968, pp. 1249, 1280; 1976, p. 543); Harper v. State, 127 Ga.App. 359(3), 193 S.E.2d 259 (1972). Since there was some evidence of intent to rape, if not to rob, the conviction of aggravated assault would not be inconsistent for this additional reason. Enumerated error 1 is without merit.

2. Enumeration of error 2 complains of the admission in evidence of not only the fact of a conversation which a GBI investigative agent had with the appellant's wife concerning the appellant's activities the morning of the incident when he came home, but also the content of the conversation, which was allegedly prejudicial to the appellant.

"Conversations and similar evidence even though of a hearsay nature, when they are facts to explain conduct and ascertain motives (,) are admissible under Code § 38-302 as original evidence. See Davis v. Farmers & Traders Bank, 36 Ga.App. 415(4), 136 S.E. 816 (1927); Bryant v. State, 191 Ga. 686, 698(14), 13 S.E.2d 820 (1941); Phillips v. State, 206 Ga. 418, 419(3), 57 S.E.2d 555 (1950); Coleman v. State, 124 Ga.App. 313, 314(2), 183 S.E.2d 608 (1971)." (Emphasis supplied.) Nobles v. State, 139 Ga.App. 371(2), 228 S.E.2d 391 (1976).

The appellant's wife told the agent that her husband had come home at 2:30 a. m.; that he went directly to the bathroom and came back without his shirt; that the shirt he had been wearing before going into the bathroom was yellowish gold; and that she had then gone into the bathroom, seen that the commode was stopped up, and did not see the shirt in the bathroom. As a result of this conversation and the description of the appellant's attire, the agent conducted a search of the commode and confiscated the described shirt, which actions could not have been adequately explained absent the evidence of the content of the conversation. The mere fact that it was also prejudicial does not alone make it inadmissible, because all defendants are ultimately convicted, if at all, by prejudicial evidence. Nor was the agent's testimony that Mrs. Bruce had identified her husband's shirt after its removal from the commode, inadmissible. A law enforcement officer is permitted to testify to a vocal fact of identification witnessed by himself without its being subject to a hearsay objection. See Haralson v. State,234 Ga. 406(4), 216 S.E.2d 304 (1975) and cit. This enumeration is without merit.

3. Enumerated error 3 contends that the prosecution was allowed to argue in his opening statement what the defendant's wife's testimony would be during the trial, whereas it was allegedly known at that time that she intended to invoke her privilege against testifying against her husband.

It does not clearly appear from the record that it was known that the wife would not testify. Her name appeared on the state's list of witnesses. When she was called by the state as a witness during the trial, she answered upon being questioned by the state as to whether she recalled being asked several times whether she would testify and answering yes sometimes and no other times "yes, but I didn't say yes or not where (sic) I would testify or not."

Further reference to the record reveals that the opening statement was not to the effect that she would testify such and such, but that "we intend to show . . ." and that "(t)he evidence will show in this case that this was related to the GBI agent . . ." Moreover, this statement could not be harmful error, since the testimony was properly admitted by way of the agent's testimony, as we held in Division 2 hereinabove. This enumeration is without merit.

4. The fourth enumeration of error is allowing the state in closing argument to argue the truth of the appellant's wife's statements, about which she had not testified. The appellant cites us to Coleman v. State, 127 Ga. 282(1), 56 S.E. 417 (1907); Cody v. State, 124 Ga. 446 (1),52 S.E. 750 (1905); and Winget v. State, 138 Ga.App. 433(8), 226 S.E.2d 608 (1976). However, the truth of all facts commented on by the prosecution was established by competent testimony and reasonable deductions therefrom; therefore, the arguments were properly allowed.

5. The trial judge did not err, as urged in Enumeration 5, in allowing the state to call the appellant's wife as a witness. As we held in Division 3 hereinabove, it was not altogether clear that she would elect not to testify against her husband, apparently having equivocated on several occasions. Although the appellant now contends that his wife made an outcry twice during the trial when her name was mentioned as a witness for the state, to the effect that she would not testify against him, this is not contained in the record, nor was it argued during the questioning of the wife out of the presence of the jury. (The case of Colson v. State, 138 Ga.App. 366, 369(14), 226 S.E.2d 154 (1976), cited by the...