Cal-Almond, Inc. v. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, CAL-ALMON

• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit)
• Writing for the Court: Before GOODWIN, NORRIS and THOMPSON; WILLIAM A. NORRIS
• Citation: 960 F.2d 105
• Parties: , Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Defendant-Appellee.
• Docket Number: No. 90-16343,CAL-ALMON,INC,90-16343
• Decision Date: 30 March 1992

Page 105

960 F.2d 105 CAL-ALMOND, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Defendant-Appellee. No. 90-16343. United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit. Argued and Submitted Oct. 7, 1991.
Decided March 30, 1992.

Page 106

Brian C. Leighton, Fresno, Cal., for plaintiff-appellant.

Kevin M. Simpson, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California.

Before GOODWIN, NORRIS and THOMPSON, Circuit Judges.

WILLIAM A. NORRIS, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Cal-Almond, Inc. challenges the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ("USDA") failure to provide it with a list of California almond growers eligible to vote in a referendum on the continuation of a marketing order. The questions presented

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by Cal-Almond's appeal are whether § 630 of the Agricultural, Rural Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1988 exempts this list from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA"), whether USDA's withholding of the information violates the Constitution, and whether Cal-Almond is entitled to equitable relief. I

Cal-Almond is a handler of almonds and is subject to the marketing order that regulates handlers of almonds grown in California. 7 C.F.R. Part 981. The Secretary of Agriculture promulgated this marketing order in 1950 pursuant to the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 ("Act"). 7 U.S.C. § 608c. The Act provides that no marketing order will become effective unless it is approved by a two-thirds vote of the commodity's producers. Id. § 608c(8). The Act further provides that the Secretary shall terminate a marketing order whenever he finds that it does not tend to effectuate the policy of the Act or whenever he finds that termination is favored by a majority of the commodity's producers. Id. § 608c(16). In any referendum conducted pursuant to the Act, it is producers rather than handlers who are entitled to vote.

The almond marketing order does not provide for termination referenda under § 608c(16)(B) to be conducted on any regular basis. In 1989, the Secretary decided to hold a referendum on whether the marketing order should be continued or terminated. In his referendum order, the Secretary stated that he would consider terminating the order if less than two-thirds of the producers voting in the referendum favored continuance. 140 Fed.Reg. 30713 (1989). He also noted that § 608c(16)(B) would require him to terminate the order if a majority of producers favored termination. Id. at 30713-14.

Cal-Almond, which opposes the marketing order but, as a handler, was not entitled to vote in the referendum, decided to lobby producers to vote against the marketing order. Prior to the referendum, Cal-Almond filed a FOIA request for the names and addresses of all California almond growers eligible to vote. USDA denied the request on the ground that the information was "specifically exempted from disclosure by statute." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). According to USDA, release of the voter list was prohibited by § 630 of the Agricultural, Rural Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1988, which provides that "[n]one of the funds provided in this Act may be expended to release information acquired from any handler under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937." Pub.L. No. 100-460 § 630, 102 Stat. 2262 (1988). Cal-Almond offered to pay for a copy of the list or to copy the list using its own copy machine and a generator so that there would be no expense to the government, but USDA adhered to its position that release of the list was prohibited by § 630.

After exhausting its administrative remedies, Cal-Almond challenged the denial of its FOIA request in district court. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court upheld the denial of Cal-Almond's request on the ground that § 630 allowed the Department no discretion to disclose the information. Cal-Almond then filed an amended complaint restating its FOIA claims and alleging that denying it access to the voter lists violated its First Amendment and Equal Protection rights. The district court again granted summary judgment in favor of USDA and this appeal followed.

II

First, we address Cal-Almond's claim that it was entitled to the list of Almond growers under the FOIA. "The mandate of the FOIA calls for broad disclosure of Government records." CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 166, 105 S.Ct. 1881, 1886, 85 L.Ed.2d 173 (1985). Because public disclosure is not always in the public interest, information may be withheld under any of nine exemptions defined in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). Id. However, "disclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of the Act" and the exemptions "must be narrowly construed." Department of the

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Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361, 96 S.Ct. 1592, 1599, 48 L.Ed.2d 11 (1976). In this case, USDA relies on exemption 3, which permits the withholding of matters

specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (other than section 552b of this title), provided that such statute (A) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld.

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). Under exemption 3, the government must show that the statute on which it relies qualifies as an exempting statute and that the material being withheld falls within the exempting statute's coverage. Sims, 471 U.S. at 167, 105 S.Ct. at 1886.

In the instant case, we need not decide if § 630 is an exempting statute because, even if it is, the information withheld...