Calloway v. State
| Decision Date | 03 April 1986 |
| Docket Number | No. 09,09 |
| Citation | 707 S.W.2d 720 |
| Parties | Carl Lee CALLOWAY, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee. 83 004 CR. |
| Court | Texas Court of Appeals |
In a previous opinion filed May 2, 1984, we remanded this cause for a new trial. Calloway v. State, 700 S.W.2d 3 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 1984, pet. granted). As we viewed and analyzed the record, there was a reasonable issue as to conflict of interest indicated because of the defense attorney's representation of "one of the co-defendants".
Trial counsel stated:
Since, undoubtedly, the conflict of interest was brought to the attention of the trial court, we held that the trial court had a duty to conduct a hearing on the matter. The Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that we were wrong. Calloway v. State, 699 S.W.2d 824 (Tex.Crim.App.1985). The case of Lerma v. State, 679 S.W.2d 488, 497 (Tex.Crim.App.1984) (Opinion on Motion for Rehearing), teaches that in these situations, however, "[e]ach case will be adjudged on an individual basis." Our judgment was reversed and the cause remanded for consideration of grounds of error not previously disposed of by our court.
Previously, the sufficiency of the evidence points were decided. Necessarily, we state some of the salient facts because of the "fundamental errors" urged upon us by the Appellant in attacking the charge of the court. We do this because of Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 160 (Tex.Crim.App.1985) (Opinion on State's Motion for Rehearing).
The record shows that the contraband was in close proximity to Calloway. Some of the paraphernalia which is customarily used in consuming the contraband; in this case, the drug cocaine, was found directly in front of him on the table at which Calloway was seated. Calloway was facing the paraphernalia. The Appellant was found to be sitting at a table with an aluminum foil and a water pipe on the table directly in front of him. He was the closest person to it. There was another person in the room, but the Appellant was in the nearest proximity to the foil and the water pipe. The water pipe was a type of paraphernalia used to consume cocaine. The aluminum foil, upon analysis, contained a part of a grain of cocaine. The water pipe had traces of cocaine.
When the peace officers, armed with a search warrant, first observed Appellant, he was dropping a lighted match. It was obviously dropped in haste as it fell upon a piece of paper which became ignited. The physical facts lead to the reasonable conclusion that the Appellant had just lighted a stove near the table. On the stove was a pot of water being heated. In the pot of water was a vial which contained cocaine. Appellant was closest to the stove.
In reviewing the grounds not previously disposed of by us, we note that each one of the grounds of error alleged that the court committed "fundamental error" in instructing the jury. We hold that the Appellant received a fair trial and fundamental error is not shown. We rely on Almanza v. State, supra. There were no objections or exceptions to the court's charge.
But aside from Almanza, supra, we also hold that the Appellant has not shown any error under this record, much less any fundamental error, when measured by Almanza, supra. We overrule each and every one of the grounds of error based upon the doctrine of "fundamental error." The Appellant advances, as a group, 6 grounds of "fundamental error" alleging improperly instructing the jury on the law of parties. He argues: (1) that there was insufficient evidence that the Appellant acted as a party; (2) that the instruction did not properly apply the law to the facts; (3) that there was no evidence that the Appellant acted as a party; (4) insufficient evidence that the Appellant acted as a party to jointly possess, and very similar contentions. Again, we must repeat that these matters were urged strictly as "fundamental errors". We overrule these 6 grounds of error.
Appellant attacks that portion of the charge that applies the law to the facts. In that portion, the court used the phrase "either acting alone or as a party". No fundamental error is shown. Almanza, supra. See Thomas v. State, 587 S.W.2d 707 (Tex.Crim.App.1979). See also Todd v. State, 601 S.W.2d 718 (Tex.Crim.App.1980).
We conclude that the evidence in this case shows that the Appellant exercised possession, control, care and management over the contraband. Nunn v. State, 640 S.W.2d 304 (Tex.Crim.App.1982); Rhyne v. State, 620 S.W.2d 599 (Tex.Crim.App.1981). Of course, the control or possession need not be exclusive. It can be jointly exercised with other persons. Wilkes v. State, 572 S.W.2d 538 (Tex.Crim.App.1978). When the accused is not in the exclusive possession of the place where the contraband is found or is not in exclusive possession of the contraband itself, then the State must show that there are additional, independent facts and circumstances which affirmatively linked the accused with the contraband. We find independent facts and circumstances in the case subjudice do affirmatively link the Appellant with the contraband. Flores v. State, 650 S.W.2d 429 (Tex.Crim.App.1983). See also Cude v. State, --- S.W.2d ---- (Tex.Crim.App.1986), No. 107-85, March 5, 1986.
In Thomas v. State, supra, the court wrote, at page 708:
By this course is meant the applying of the law to facts. Under this record, the jury could have not been misled. Fundamental error is not shown. Under this record, even the charge on the law of parties was harmless error if it was error at all. The same is certainly true of that part of the charge which applies the law to the facts. Todd v. State, supra. We overrule Appellant's grounds of error nine through fourteen.
The next group of alleged fundamental errors complain of the charge of the court in failing to instruct the jury on the law of circumstantial evidence. These grounds of error are three in number. Considering the physical facts and circumstances surrounding this Appellant, no fundamental error is shown. The evidence demonstrates that another person, a Mr. Sutton, was standing behind the Appellant in the kitchen when the law enforcement officers came into that room. Sutton and the Appellant were the only two adults in the house. To repeat, there were no objections or exceptions to the charge of the court. Hence no error was preserved; nor, on appeal, is any error presented for review. Here, the thrust of the complaint was instructing the jury on the law of circumstantial evidence and omitting the words "and no other person". Under this record, error is simply not shown. In Odell v. State, 95 Tex.Crim. 360, 254 S.W. 977 (1923), we find, at page 978:
"... When there is evidence supporting a theory that the accused and others committed the offense, it would be an error against the state for the court to instruct the jury that they must believe to a reasonable and moral certainty that the accused 'and no other person' committed the offense." (Emphasis added)
Grego v. State, 456 S.W.2d 123 (Tex.Crim.App.1970). Odell, supra, and Grego, supra, reasoned that the words "and no other person" may be omitted from the charge if the evidence in the case subjudice demonstrates that there were other participants in the crime. We overrule Appellant's grounds of error fifteen through seventeen.
We conclude that the main thrust of the evidence in this case is direct evidence. Specifically, we further find "no egregious error" as required by Almanza, as to any of the alleged fundamental errors. See Hankins v. State, 646 S.W.2d 191 (Tex.Crim.App.1981). We also find that Appellant received a fair trial and the results were fair. We affirm.
Almanza, supra, approved of the concept or doctrine that it is too late to complain of the charge of the court after the verdict is rendered unless the charge is so drawn as to prevent the accused from having a fair and impartial trial. We find this language at page 171:
"On the other hand, if no proper objection was made at trial and the accused must claim that the error was 'fundamental', he will obtain a reversal only if the error is so egregious and created such harm that he ...
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Calloway v. State
...On remand, the Court of Appeals rejected all other points of error and affirmed the trial court's judgment. Calloway v. State, 707 S.W.2d 720 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 1986). Thereafter the appellant filed the petition for discretionary review urging, inter alia, that the Court of Appeals erred in......