Campbell v. Com.

• Decision Date: 10 September 1991
• Docket Number: No. 1048-90-1,1048-90-1
• Citation: 409 S.E.2d 21,13 Va.App. 33
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals
• Parties: Joseph Hugh CAMPBELL v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Record

Page 21

409 S.E.2d 21

13 Va.App. 33

Joseph Hugh CAMPBELL v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 1048-90-1.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

Sept. 10, 1991.

Rehearing En Banc Granted

Oct. 30, 1991.

Wayne Lustig, Norfolk (Anthony F. Troy, Richmond, Alan D. Albert, and William P. Robinson, Jr., Mays & Valentine; Robinson, Zaleski & Lindsey, on briefs), Norfolk, for appellant.

Robert Q. Harris, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Mary Sue Terry, Atty. Gen., on brief), for appellee.

Present: BENTON, COLEMAN and MOON, JJ.

MOON, Judge.

Joseph H. Campbell, appellant, seeks reversal of his conviction of forging a public record in violation of Code § 18.2-168. He alleges that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that the crime had to be "to the prejudice of another" or to the gain of the defendant, and incorrectly defined "intent to defraud" in a jury instruction. We hold that "to the prejudice of another" is not an element of the offense of forging a public document. Because appellant did not object in the trial court for the same reasons as he does on appeal to the instruction regarding the definition of "intent to defraud," he is barred from raising that issue on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm.

On appeal, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1975).

Appellant was a judge in the traffic division of the General District Court of the City of Norfolk. On March 20, 1989, Paul A. Sciortino, Commonwealth's Attorney for the City of Virginia Beach, was given a ticket by a Norfolk police officer for making an improper turn. Mr. Sciortino was involved in a political re-election campaign and, because of prior bad publicity from a traffic accident, he did not wish this charge to be a matter of public record.

Mr. Sciortino and his attorney, Andrew Ege, met with Judge Campbell in chambers. Judge Campbell had been Commonwealth's Attorney in the City of Norfolk and had known Sciortino many years. During the meeting, Mr. Ege jokingly suggested that the case be dismissed. Judge Campbell mentioned the usual disposition in such cases was a fine of fifty dollars and asked whether that was "acceptable." Mr. Ege and Sciortino indicated that it would be acceptable. Mr. Ege then asked, "[D]oes it have to appear on the docket, can we leave it off the docket?" Judge Campbell said that "it has to appear on the docket." Mr. Ege then asked, "[W]ell, if his name is misspelled you don't have to correct it, do you?" Judge Campbell responded, in what he testified was a "jokingly or light-hearted manner," that "there are a lot of clerical errors."

Immediately after the meeting in chambers, Mr. Sciortino paid the fifty dollar fine and costs to the clerk. A short time later, Judge Campbell went over to a deputy clerk who was seated at a computer terminal which maintained the official records of the general district court. He directed her to bring up the record of Mr. Sciortino's case and she did so. He then told her to "scramble or jumble" the letters of Mr. Sciortino's last name. The clerk changed the spelling from "Sciortino" to "Schortinoe" and asked the judge, "[H]ow is that?" Judge Campbell then told her to switch the first and middle names and the clerk changed the entry from "Paul A." to "Anthony Paul." Judge Campbell remarked that Mr. Sciortino was "scared to death about this accident because Paul thinks the newspaper is going to crucify him again, and they probably will."

Judge Campbell testified that his instructions to change the name had been a joke and had been misinterpreted by the clerk as a direction to change the name on the computer records. The deputy clerk who made the change, as well as two other clerks who were present, testified that the instructions were not given in a joking manner but were stated in a manner consistent with an instruction to change the records.

Based upon this evidence, the jury returned a verdict of guilty to the charge of forgery and fixed the sentence at six years imprisonment. ¹

The appellant argues that his conviction cannot stand because the jury was not instructed to find that his conduct was "to the prejudice of another's rights in property or some other tangible thing" and because the jury was not instructed to find that Judge Campbell possessed a specific intent to cause "actual, tangible loss" to another or "actual, tangible gain to himself."

The pertinent plain language of Code § 18.2-168 provides:

If any person forge a public record ... he shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony.

Code § 18.2-168 is the first of seven statutes in the "forgery" article of the criminal code. Specific statutes address forging a public seal, Code § 18.2-169; forging coins, bank notes or currency, Code § 18.2-170; possession of instruments for forging a writing, Code § 18.2-171; falsifying transcripts and diplomas, Code § 18.2-172.1; and possession of forged coins or bank notes, Code § 18.2-173.

Of all of the statutes, only Code § 18.2-172 provides the requirement that the writing be "to the prejudice of another's right." It provides:

If any person forge any writing, other than such as is mentioned in Code §§ 18.2-168 and 18.2-170, to the prejudice of another's right ... he shall be guilty of a Class 5 felony.

Appellant argues that forgery is and always has been a common law crime even in the case of public records. Code § 18.2-168, appellant alleges, does not abolish the common law but explicitly invokes it, as is clear both from its very terms and from long standing Virginia rules of statutory construction. Appellant concedes that the elements of forgery are as follows: (1) The false making or material alteration; (2) with intent to defraud; (3) of a writing; (4) which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal efficacy, or the foundation of legal liability, or operate to the prejudice of another man's right. See, e.g., Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 171, 173, 313 S.E.2d 394, 395 (1984); Bullock v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 558, 561, 138 S.E.2d 261, 263 (1964), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 927, 86 S.Ct. 310, 15 L.Ed.2d 341 (1966); Ramsey v. Commonwealth, 2 Va.App. 265, 269, 343 S.E.2d 465, 468 (1986).

I.

Appellant argues that Virginia courts have consistently reiterated the requirement of harm or prejudice with regard to the crime of forgery. Appellant cites Virginia statutes as early as 1819 and the case of Commonwealth v. Linton, 4 Va. (2 Va.Cas.) 476 (1825), which held "the rule is, that the false making and forging any instrument, whereby another may be injured, constitutes the offense of forgery." Id. at 478. However, the history of forgery of public documents makes clear that "to the prejudice of another's right" is not an element of the offense.

The forgery statute in effect in 1819 (Va.Code § 154 embodied forms of forgery including those now separated into different statutes) reveals that the only type of forgery requiring proof of "prejudice of another" were those dealing with forgery of writings other than those specifically listed. Included among those types of forgeries specifically listed in Va.Code § 154 (1819), i.e. those which did not require proof of "to the prejudice of another's right," were the forgeries of "any record of any court, or public office, or any body politic or corporate." Thus, even in 1819 "to the prejudice of another's right" was not considered an element of the offense of forging public documents. The Supreme Court so held in Murry v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. (5 Leigh) 720 (1835).

Where a statute is unambiguous, the plain meaning is to be accepted without resort to the rules of interpretation. Virginia Dept. of Labor v. Westmoreland Coal Co., 233 Va. 97, 99, 353 S.E.2d 758, 760 (1987). When the General Assembly uses different terms in the same act, it is presumed to mean different things. Klarfeld v. Salsbury, 233 Va. 277, 284-85, 355 S.E.2d 319, 323 (1987). Thus, the intention may primarily be discerned from the language of the statute. "In construing a statute the court should seek to discover the intention of the legislature as ascertained from the act itself when read in the light of other statutes relating to the same subject matter." Robert Bunts Eng'g & Equip. Co. v. Palmer, 169 Va. 206, 209-10, 192 S.E. 789, 790-91 (1937).

In considering the seven statutes dealing with the forgery, the language "to the prejudice of another's right" appears only in Code § 18.2-172 and that statute expressly excludes Code § 18.2-168, which criminalizes the forging of public documents. Therefore, we hold that the legislature did not intend that the "prejudice to another's right" requirement be in any other sections. It is readily apparent that violation of any of the forgery statutes other than Code § 18.2-172 is an offense against the public in general or, as in this case, the government itself.

Furthermore, Virginia case law has never associated the element of "prejudice of another" with the crime of forgery of public documents. See Va.Code § 154 (1819) (where a single statute embodied those crimes which now appear as seven statutes, Code §§ 18.2-168 to 18.2-173). Code § 154 (1819) specifically set forth in plain and unambiguous language the definition of the various crimes. Under that statute, it was clear that the language "to the prejudice of another's right" was applied only to personal papers and not public documents.

While the arrangement of the statutes regarding forgery in Virginia has varied, the scheme by which they are written has not. At all times the predicate of the crime of forgery has been some type of document or writing. Our statutes specifically list certain documents which are the subject of forgery. This list is not exclusive. There is a catch-all provision by which other writings not specifically listed may serve as a predicate to the crime of forgery. To serve this purpose, however, the...