Castaldi v. U.S.

• Citation: 783 F.2d 119
• Decision Date: 28 February 1986
• Docket Number: No. 84-2279,84-2279
• Parties: Alphonse CASTALDI, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit)

Page 119

783 F.2d 119

Alphonse CASTALDI, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 84-2279.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Oct. 17, 1985.

Decided Jan. 31, 1986.

Rehearing Denied Feb. 28, 1986.

Mark A. Brittingham, St. Louis, Mo., for appellant.

James Bennett Clark, Asst. U.S. Atty., St. Louis, Mo., for appellee.

Before ROSS, Circuit Judge, BRIGHT, Senior Circuit Judge, and BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

Alphonse Castaldi (Petitioner) appeals from the District Court's denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2255. Petitioner contends that (1) the separate and consecutive terms of imprisonment imposed by the District Court exceeded the maximum allowed by law since he committed only a single offense, and (2) even if the sentence does not exceed the maximum allowed by law, the District Court abused its discretion by sentencing him to consecutive terms of imprisonment and by imposing a sentence grossly disparate to those given to his co-defendants. We affirm.

I.

Pursuant to a plea-bargaining agreement, Petitioner pled guilty to three counts of a four-count indictment charging that he and three other persons counterfeited United States postage stamps (with a face value of approximately $250,000) in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 501. The fourth count charging Petitioner with conspiring to counterfeit postage stamps in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371 was dismissed on motion of the government. Each of the three counts under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 501 described a different denomination of counterfeited postage stamps (eighteen cent, twenty cent, and thirty-seven cent). The District Court ¹ sentenced Petitioner to consecutive four-year terms of imprisonment on counts I and II and to a concurrent five-year term of imprisonment on count III.

II.

Petitioner first contends that the District Court erred in imposing separate punishments on each of the three counts under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 501. Petitioner contends that he committed only one act of counterfeiting under section 501, not three separate offenses, and, therefore, that the sentence imposed by the court exceeded the maximum allowed by law. We thus are required to determine the proper unit of prosecution under section 501. In particular, we must determine whether the language of section 501, which proscribes the counterfeiting of "any postage stamp," allows the government to treat each denomination of postage stamps (counterfeited pursuant to one criminal scheme) as a separate unit of prosecution.

The allowable unit of prosecution for a federal offense is a matter exclusively within the discretion of Congress, subject only to constitutional limitations. Bell v. United States, 349 U.S. 81, 82, 75 S.Ct. 620, 621, 99 L.Ed. 905 (1955); United States v. Kinsley, 518 F.2d 665, 666 (8th Cir.1975). "When Congress fails to set the unit of prosecution with clarity, doubt as to congressional intent is resolved in favor of lenity for the accused." Kinsley, 518 F.2d at 666.

This "rule of lenity," established in the Bell case, is a rule of statutory construction to be applied only when congressional intent is ambiguous. In Bell, the Supreme Court stated:

When Congress has the will it has no difficulty in expressing it--when it has the will, that is, of defining what it desires to make the unit of prosecution.... When Congress leaves to the Judiciary the task of imputing to Congress an undeclared will, the ambiguity should be resolved in favor of lenity.... [I]f Congress does not fix the punishment for a federal offense clearly and without ambiguity, doubt will be resolved against turning a single transaction into multiple offenses....

349 U.S. at 83-84, 75 S.Ct. at 622. Thus, we are presented with the question whether section 501 should be deemed ambiguous. This appears to be an issue of first impression, as our research discloses no case construing section 501 in regard to the allowable unit of prosecution. In making this inquiry, we must examine the statutory language in section 501, its legislative history, and the entire statutory scheme of which it is a part. Id. at 83, 75 S.Ct. at 622; Kinsley, 518 F.2d at 668.

Section 501 provides, in relevant part, that "[w]hoever forges or counterfeits any postage stamp, postage meter stamp, or any stamp printed upon any stamped envelope, or postal card, or any die, plate, or engraving thereof ... [s]hall be fined not more than $500 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 501 (emphasis added). We agree with Petitioner that the use of the term "any" does not render the statute unambiguous. As this Court noted in Kinsley, "the word 'any' has typically been found ambiguous in connection with the allowable unit of prosecution." 518 F.2d at 668. We conclude, therefore, that the express language of section 501, defining as the object of the offense "any postage stamp," does not "plainly and unmistakably" indicate whether each denomination of counterfeited postage stamps is an allowable unit of prosecution.

What ambiguity there may be in the statutory language, however, is given sufficient clarity upon consideration of the legislative history of section 501 and the entire statutory scheme of which it is a part. As Petitioner concedes, the primary purpose of section 501 is to protect not only the government's ability and exclusive right to operate the postal service, but also to protect its postal revenues. Cf. United States v. Cioffi, 487 F.2d 492, 499-500 n. 9 (2d Cir.1973) ("[I]n condemning [the] 'use' of counterfeit stamps, the purpose of Congress was to protect the postal revenues."), cert. denied sub nom. Ciuzio v. United States, 416 U.S. 995, 94 S.Ct. 2410, 40 L.Ed.2d 774 (1974); S.Rep. No. 1193, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in 1970 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 3995-96 (report to Pub.L. No. 91-448, 84 Stat. 920 (1970), which amended 18 U.S.C. Sec. 501 to prohibit the counterfeiting of postage meter stamps in order to protect postal revenues). This revenue-protection purpose is common to most of the sections in chapter 25 of Title 18, of which section 501 is a part. See, e.g., United States v. LeMon, 622 F.2d 1022, 1024 (10th Cir.1980) (construing 18 U.S.C. Sec. 471 to allow as a separate unit of prosecution the counterfeiting of each federal reserve note); United States v. Jacek, 298 F.2d 429 (3d Cir.) (forging of ten separate postal money orders constituted ten separate offenses under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 500), cert. denied, 370 U.S. 952, 82 S.Ct. 1601, 8 L.Ed.2d 817 (1962). The congressional purpose underlying section 501 clearly is threatened when counterfeiters produce plates of and print different denominations of postage stamps. We believe it is consistent with the congressional purpose underlying section 501 to allow as a separate unit of prosecution the counterfeiting of each denomination of postage stamps, even when, as here, several denominations are counterfeited as part of a common scheme.

Moreover, this case is distinguishable from those that have held that only one offense had been committed instead of "separate offenses." In Kinsley, this Court held that the defendant's simultaneous possession of four firearms constituted only one offense under 18 U.S.C.App. Sec. 1202(a)(1), which prohibited a previously convicted felon from possessing "any firearm." 518 F.2d at 670. In Bell, the Supreme Court held that the simultaneous transportation of two women constituted only one offense under the Mann Act, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2421 et seq. 349 U.S. at 84, 75 S.Ct. at 622. In Ladner v. United States, 358 U.S. 169, 178, 79 S.Ct. 209, 214, 3 L.Ed.2d 199 (1958), the Supreme Court held that the wounding of two federal officers by the single discharge of a shotgun constituted only one offense under former 18 U.S.C. Sec. 254 (now 18 U.S.C. Sec. 111). And in United States v. Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp., 344 U.S. 218, 224-226, 73 S.Ct. 227, 230-231, 97 L.Ed. 260 (1952), the Supreme Court held that an employer's minimum wage violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 201 et seq., though involving several employees, constituted only one offense since all the violations resulted from only one managerial decision, or, as the Court characterized it, a "single course of conduct." 344 U.S. at 226, 73 S.Ct. at 231. In each of these cases, the defendant engaged in only a single act, though it resulted in multiple injuries or effects.

Here, however, Petitioner and his co-defendants, though part of only one overall criminal scheme, took separate and independent acts in producing three separate plates and in printing three different denominations of postage stamps. Clearly, the production of three different plates and the printing of three different denominations of postage stamps could not be accomplished by Petitioner and his cohorts in a single act. Cf. Ebeling v. Morgan, 237 U.S. 625, 35 S.Ct. 710, 59 L.Ed. 1151 (1915) (the successive cutting of six mail bags constituted six separate offenses under statute prohibiting the cutting of "any mail bag"). The common thread running throughout the cases discussed above finding only one offense--a single act by the defendant with multiple effects--simply is not present in this case. The reasoning of those cases, therefore, cannot be extended to the present case. We conclude that each counterfeiting of a different denomination of postage stamps is an allowable unit of prosecution under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 501. ²

III.

Petitioner next contends that the District Court abused its discretion by (1) sentencing him to consecutive four-year terms of imprisonment, and (2) imposing on him a sentence grossly disparate to those given to his co-defendants. ³

This Circuit follows the general rule that " 'a sentence imposed by a federal district judge, if within statutory limits, is generally not subject to review.' " Woosley v. United States, 478 F.2d 139, 141 (8th Cir.1973) (en banc) (quoting United...