City of College Place v. Staudenmaier

• Decision Date: 28 March 2002
• Docket Number: No. 19231-8-III.,19231-8-III.
• Citation: 110 Wash.App. 841,43 P.3d 43
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals
• Parties: The CITY OF COLLEGE PLACE, Respondent, v. Jeffrey D. STAUDENMAIER, Petitioner.

43 P.3d 43

110 Wash.App. 841

The CITY OF COLLEGE PLACE, Respondent, v. Jeffrey D. STAUDENMAIER, Petitioner.

No. 19231-8-III.

Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 3, Panel Eight.

March 28, 2002.

William D. McCool, Walla Walla, for Petitioner.

Charles B. Phillips, Lutcher & Phillips, Walla Walla, for Respondent.

SWEENEY, J.

The primary questions in this driving under the influence prosecution is first whether the officer had probable cause to arrest Jeffrey D. Staudenmaier given the arguably equivocal results of the physical tests. There is ample evidence here to support the trial court's findings that Mr. Staudenmaier appeared to the officer to have been drinking and that he failed a number of physical tests. Those findings amply support the conclusion, probable cause. The second question is whether limitations on a defendant's freedom to leave, short of a full-blown custodial arrest, amount to custody such that Miranda¹ warnings are required. They do not. And so we affirm the trial court's judgment of conviction here.

FACTS

Officer Tony Locati of the City of College Place Police Department clocked Jeffrey Staudenmaier driving 37 mph in a 25-mph zone. Officer Locati stopped Mr. Staudenmaier. Mr. Staudenmaier appropriately and smoothly stopped his car.

Officer Locati approached Mr. Staudenmaier. And as he did he smelled a strong odor of alcohol on his breath. Mr. Staudenmaier's eyes were also watery and bloodshot. Officer Locati asked if he had been drinking. Mr. Staudenmaier said he had had five or six beers. Officer Locati then directed Mr. Staudenmaier to perform some field sobriety tests.

Mr. Staudenmaier performed four tests— the balance test, the finger-to-nose test, the one-leg-stand test, and the walk-and-turn test. Mr. Staudenmaier passed the balance test but failed the finger-to-nose test. He put his finger on his upper lip and swayed two to three inches during the test. Officer Locati made Mr. Staudenmaier perform the one-leg-stand test twice. The first time he used his arms for balance. The next time he leaned to one side and put his foot down for balance. Mr. Staudenmaier failed to touch heel-to-toe on several steps during the walk-and-turn test.

A backup officer then asked Mr. Staudenmaier, out of Officer Locati's presence, whether he felt affected by what he had drank. Mr. Staudenmaier responded, "a little bit but not much." Report of Proceedings (July 1, 1998) (RPII) at 154. Officer Locati arrested Mr. Staudenmaier for driving under the influence (DUI). Mr. Staudenmaier later took a breath test that registered his breath alcohol concentration at 0.137 and 0.129.

Mr. Staudenmaier moved to dismiss. He argued that Officer Locati lacked probable cause to arrest him for DUI. He also moved to suppress his statement to the backup officer that he felt affected by alcohol. The municipal court judge denied his motions. The jury convicted Mr. Staudenmaier of DUI.

He appealed to superior court. The court affirmed his conviction without oral argument. Later, the court denied Mr. Staudenmaier's motion for reconsideration. Mr. Staudenmaier sought and we granted discretionary review.

REFUSAL TO ALLOW ORAL ARGUMENT

The superior court judge decided the appeal on the briefs and refused to hear oral argument. RALJ 8.3 states that each party shall receive 10 minutes for oral argument. Mr. Staudenmaier contends that shall means shall. It is mandatory.

We review the application of court rules de novo. State v. Gilman, 105 Wash. App. 366, 368, 19 P.3d 1116, review denied, 144 Wash.2d 1011, 31 P.3d 1185 (2001).

Mr. Staudenmaier relies entirely on the language of RALJ 8.3:

Each side shall be allowed 10 minutes for oral argument, or longer if ordered by the superior court. The first party to file a notice of appeal is entitled to open and conclude oral argument, unless otherwise ordered by the court.

We reject his assignment of error for two reasons. First, the court's decision to allow argument is generally, and should be, discretionary. See State v. Bandura, 85 Wash. App. 87, 93, 931 P.2d 174 (1997) (court held that granting oral argument on posttrial motion is discretionary "so long as the movant is given the opportunity to argue in writing his or her version of the facts and law"). This is especially true here since the superior court was acting as an appellate court. And appellate courts have discretion to decide cases with or without oral argument. RAP 11.6.

Second, any error would be harmless, anyway. We review the decision of the district court, not the superior court, for errors of law. State v. Brokman, 84 Wash.App. 848, 850, 930 P.2d 354 (1997); see State v. Nemitz, 105 Wash.App. 205, 19 P.3d 480 (2001) (discretionary review of decision affirming district court granted; appellate court examined record before district court). And here both issues raised by Mr. Staudenmaier are questions of law. Our review is then de novo. State v. Munguia, 107 Wash.App. 328, 339, 26 P.3d 1017 (2001), review denied, 145 Wash.2d 1023, 41 P.3d 483 (2002). And, of course, oral argument in a superior court is of no consequence here. Mr. Staudenmaier's attorney took his full 20 minutes before a panel of this court to enthusiastically, and very competently, outline his position and the authority supporting it.

PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST

A police officer's determination of probable cause is reviewed as a mixed question of law and fact.² We first review the factual matters, i.e., the who, what, when, and where, for substantial evidence. State v. Hill, 123 Wash.2d 641, 647, 870 P.2d 313 (1994); Bokor v. Dep't of Licensing, 74 Wash. App. 523, 526-27, 874 P.2d 168 (1994). Substantial evidence requires "a sufficient quantity of evidence in the record to persuade a fair-minded, rational person of the truth of the finding." Hill, 123 Wash.2d at 644,870 P.2d 313.

We then decide whether the facts support the legal conclusion—probable cause. This is a legal question that we review de novo. See State v. Thorn, 129 Wash.2d 347, 351, 917 P.2d 108 (1996) (holding that the determination of a seizure is a mixed question of law and fact; applying substantial evidence standard to factual findings and de novo standard to whether those facts constitute a seizure).

Here, Mr. Staudenmaier's argument is that the undisputed facts simply do not support the legal determination of probable cause. Our review then is de novo.

Probable cause to make an arrest requires sufficient facts and circumstances to justify a reasonable belief that an offense has been committed. State v. Terrovona, 105 Wash.2d 632, 643, 716 P.2d 295 (1986). It need not, however, be sufficient to convict. State v. Griffith, 61 Wash.App. 35, 39, 808 P.2d 1171 (1991); State v. Gillenwater, 96 Wash.App. 667, 670, 980 P.2d 318 (1999). The probable cause determination is not governed by a "mechanical rule." Instead, we consider "the total facts of each case, viewed in a practical, nontechnical manner." Gillenwater, 96 Wash.App. at 671, 980 P.2d 318.

Here, Officer Locati needed to have a reasonable belief that Mr. Staudenmaier was driving under the influence of alcohol to arrest him. And he did. Mr. Staudenmaier's breath smelled strongly of alcohol. RPII at 30-31. His eyes were watery and bloodshot. RPII at 32. And Mr. Staudenmaier told Officer Locati that he had drank five to six beers. RPII at 31.

Mr. Staudenmaier takes issue with Officer Locati's evaluation of his performance during the field sobriety tests. But even were we to view the evidence in a light most favorable to Mr. Staudenmaier (which we are not required to do), the record here shows that he clearly passed only one test and performed, at best, marginally on the other three. RPII at 33-36. Officer Locati had then a reasonably well-founded belief that Mr. Staudenmaier was driving under the influence of alcohol.³

Mr. Staudenmaier argues that he should have passed the balance test because the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration standards allow the person being tested to hold his or her arms anywhere up to 45 degrees from his or her body. Report of Proceedings (Dec. 15, 1997) (RPI) at 38. But, no Washington case law, statute, or administrative code adopts those standards. Mr. Staudenmaier also emphasizes that Officer Locati noticed no erratic driving. But erratic driving is not required to show driving under the influence. Gillenwater, 96 Wash.App. at 670, 980 P.2d 318.

Mr. Staudenmaier reviews a number of cases and attempts to set a formula for facts necessary to show probable cause, for example: smelling alcohol plus erratic driving plus poor dexterity equals probable cause. See State v. Smith, 130 Wash.2d 215, 223, 922 P.2d 811 (1996). He then attempts to show how various vital facts relied upon by other courts are missing from the present case. But there is no "mechanical rule" for establishing probable cause. Gillenwater, 96 Wash.App. at 671, 980 P.2d 318. And we will not set one here. We look instead at the facts of each case. Id. And the facts of this case support Officer Locati's determination of probable cause to arrest Mr. Staudenmaier for DUI.

SUPPRESSION OF PRE-MIRANDA STATEMENT

Mr. Staudenmaier next argues that Officer Locati had already decided to arrest him for DUI when the backup officer asked him whether he felt affected. And he was in custody for purposes of Miranda because he was not free to leave. He was then entitled to Miranda warnings. And his statement should be suppressed because they were not given. The State responds that he was not in custody.

The determination of whether a defendant is in custody for purposes of Miranda is reviewed de novo.⁴ A suspect is in custody, and therefore entitled to receive Miranda warnings, when the suspect's freedom of action is curtailed to a degree associated with formal arrest. State v. Short, 113 Wash.2d 35, 40, 775 P.2d 458 (1989); State v. D.R., 84 Wash.App. 832, 836, 930 P.2d 350 (1997); State v. Ferguson, 76 Wash.App. 560, 566...