Clark v. State
| Decision Date | 03 May 1995 |
| Docket Number | No. 94-0019,94-0019 |
| Citation | 654 So.2d 984 |
| Parties | 20 Fla. L. Weekly D1068 William CLARK, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee. |
| Court | Florida District Court of Appeals |
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Broward County; Jeffrey E. Streitfeld, Judge.
Richard L. Jorandby, Public Defender, and Marcy K. Allen, Asst. Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Robert A. Butterworth, Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, and William A. Spillias, Asst. Atty. Gen., West Palm Beach, for appellee.
AFFIRMED.
I would reverse appellant's convictions for sexual battery and burglary of a dwelling, and remand for a new trial. I believe the trial court abused its discretion by improperly admitting expert opinion testimony on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) suffered by an adult rape victim as evidence of lack of consent. Initially, the issue was properly preserved below. Appellant objected on the grounds that the evidence lacked any probative value, and was unduly prejudicial. He protested that the state was seeking the admission of the evidence solely to elicit sympathy from the jury. The trial court recognized the issue, and found that the evidence went to the issue of whether the victim consented to sexual intercourse.
In the instant case, the state presented Dr. Sherri Bourg as an expert in "Forensic Psychology With a Specialty With Rape Victims." Dr. Bourg said that for a person to suffer from PTSD, there must be a traumatic experience outside normal human experiences, including rape. Also, the victim suffers from either re-experiencing the trauma through nightmares and flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, or "hypervigilan[ce]"--a type of nervousness. These symptoms must last one month. The prosecutor then asked a three page hypothetical which corresponded to the facts in this case, to which appellant objected. After the trial court overruled appellant's multiple objections to the question, Dr. Bourg said that if all the facts in the hypothetical were true, the person could be diagnosed with PTSD. On cross examination, Dr. Bourg acknowledged that people can feign illness. Also, Bourg testified that many events, other than rape, can cause PTSD, including depression.
The admission into evidence of expert opinion testimony concerning a new or novel scientific principle is a four-step process. Ramirez v. State, 651 So.2d 1164 (Fla.1995). First, the trial judge must determine whether the expert testimony will assist the jury in understanding the evidence or in determining a fact in issue. Second, the trial judge must decide whether the expert's testimony meets the Frye standard. 1 Id. Next, the trial judge must determine whether a particular witness is qualified as an expert to present opinion testimony on the subject in issue. Id. Fourth, the judge may then allow the expert to render an opinion on the subject of his or her expertise, and the jury is entitled to determine the credibility of the expert's opinion. Id. Hence, under Ramirez, a Frye analysis is necessary only if the trial judge rules that the opinion testimony would assist the jury. I believe the trial judge in this case erroneously held that the expert testimony would assist a jury in determining whether the victim consented.
A look at Florida case law suggests that the age of the victim may be critical in determining the admissibility of expert opinion testimony on PTSD. This court has held expert testimony that a child victim of sexual abuse suffers from PTSD is admissible to demonstrate that the abuse took place, as long as the expert did not directly vouch for the credibility of a witness. Kruse v. State, 483 So.2d 1383 (Fla. 4th DCA 1986). Recently, the second district has tackled the issue of the admissibility of expert testimony concerning the use of sexual abuse profiles in cases involving older victims. In J.H.C. v. State, 642 So.2d 601 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994), the court held the testimony of a psychologist, who examined the teenage victim, that the teenager fit a sexually abused child profile was improperly admitted by the trial court. Id. at 603. The court wrote that the age of the victim was important, and "[a]t this stage in the science of psychology, an expert's opinion concerning the sexual abuse profile of an older victim impermissibly intrudes into the jury's function to determine credibility." Id. The expert's opinion in such a case is little more than an opinion that the alleged victim told the truth during an interview with the expert. Id. at 602.
Similarly, in Audano v. State, 641 So.2d 1356 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994), the court held that an expert's testimony, following a lengthy hypothetical tracking the facts of that case, that the claim of abuse by a teenager was "more consistent with a true allegation of sexual abuse," was improperly admitted. Id. at 1360. Again, the age of the victim was a determining factor. The court held the evidence was inherently prejudicial, especially where the credibility of the perpetrator and the victim was the sole issue. Id.
Our case is distinguishable from J.H.C. and Audano such that those cases are not dispositive. The issue in the instant case is consent, not whether the event occurred. Also, Dr. Bourg did not examine the victim for the purposes of rendering her opinion, and did not directly testify as to her truthfulness. Even so, these cases suggest that the age of the victim, and an ability to relate an event and its effects on the person, are important considerations in determining the admissibility of expert opinions as to PTSD in sexual abuse cases.
A review of decisions from other states shows an almost even split as to the admissibility of expert testimony about PTSD or rape trauma syndrome (RTS) on the issue of consent. Apparently, the first case to decide the issue was State v. Marks, 231 Kan. 645, 647 P.2d 1292 (1982). In that case, the Kansas Supreme Court held that expert testimony describing PTSD, and an opinion that the victim suffered a frightening assault and was suffering from rape trauma syndrome, was admissible. Id., 647 P.2d at 1299. It found that RTS was generally accepted as a common reaction to sexual assault, and evidence of such is relevant when the defendant claims the victim consented to sexual intercourse. Id. The Kansas Supreme Court held the expert's opinion does not invade the province of the jury, and is offered as any other evidence, with the expert subject to cross examination and the jury left to determine the weight of the testimony. Id.
The supreme courts of Montana, Arizona, Maryland and West Virginia have agreed with the decision in Marks. In State v. Liddell, 211 Mont. 180, 685 P.2d 918 (1984), the court, citing to Marks, held that psychiatric testimony is admissible to aid the jury in determining whether there was consent to engage in sexual activity. Liddell, 685 P.2d at 923. See also State v. Huey, 145 Ariz. 59, 699 P.2d 1290 (1985) (); State v. Allewalt, 308 Md. 89, 517 A.2d 741 (1986); State v. McCoy, 179 W.Va. 223, 366 S.E.2d 731 (1988).
On the other hand, several states have held evidence of PTSD and RTS to be inadmissible. In People v. Bledsoe, 36 Cal.3d 236, 203 Cal.Rptr. 450, 681 P.2d 291 (1984), where the issue was consent, the California Supreme Court applied the Frye standard, as would be required in Florida under the second prong of Ramirez, and held expert testimony that a complaining witness suffers from RTS is not admissible to prove that a rape occurred. Bledsoe, 203 Cal.Rptr. at 460, 681 P.2d at 301. It found that the syndrome was devised as a therapeutic tool to help treat emotional problems of patients, but was not developed to determine whether a rape had occurred. Id. at 459, 681 P.2d at 300. That court distinguished the use of the testimony to rebut inferences from widely held misconceptions of rape, such as that a delay in reporting the rape is inconsistent with a claim of rape, finding that evidence of PTSD or RTS would be useful to a jury in this circumstance. Bledsoe, 203 Cal.Rptr. at 457, 681 P.2d at 298.
The Bledsoe court acknowledged that although the concept may be generally relied upon in the general scientific community, it is not relied upon for the purpose advanced by the prosecution: that a rape occurred. Id. at 460, 681 P.2d at 301. At the same time, the court held that lay witnesses could testify as to the alleged victim's emotional and psychological trauma suffered after the rape, but
[p]ermitting a person in the role of an expert to suggest that because the complainant exhibits some of the symptoms of rape trauma syndrome, the victim was therefore raped, unfairly prejudices the appellant by creating an aura of special reliability and trustworthiness.
Bledsoe, 203 Cal.Rptr. at 460, 681 P.2d at 301, quoting State v. Saldana, 324 N.W.2d 227, 230 (Minn.1982).
The Washington Supreme Court's analysis in State v....
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