Collins & Aikman Corp. v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co.

• Decision Date: 05 November 1993
• Docket Number: No. 252PA92,252PA92
• Citation: 436 S.E.2d 243,335 N.C. 91
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court
• Parties: COLLINS & AIKMAN CORPORATION v. The HARTFORD ACCIDENT & INDEMNITY COMPANY, and Aetna Casualty & Surety Company.

Page 243

436 S.E.2d 243

335 N.C. 91

COLLINS & AIKMAN CORPORATION v. The HARTFORD ACCIDENT & INDEMNITY COMPANY, and Aetna Casualty & Surety Company.

No. 252PA92.

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

Nov. 5, 1993.

Parker, Poe, Adams & Bernstein by Irvin W. Hankins, III and Josephine H. Hicks, Charlotte, for plaintiff-appellee.

Patterson, Dilthey, Clay & Bryson by Ronald C. Dilthey and Cranfill, Sumner & Hartzog by Susan K. Burkhart, Raleigh, for defendant-appellant The Hartford Acc. and Indem. Co.

LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & MacRae by Stephanie Hutchins Autry and Peter M. Foley, Raleigh, for amicus curiae Nationwide.

WEBB, Justice.

The first issue raised by this appeal involves the choice of law to be applied. Hartford contends that California law should be used in interpreting the insurance policy and that punitive damages are not covered by the policy under the law of California. We agree with the Court of Appeals that this case is governed by N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 which provides:

All contracts of insurance on property, lives, or interests in this State shall be deemed to be made therein, and all contracts of insurance the applications for which are taken within the State shall be deemed to have been made within this State and are subject to the laws thereof.

The policy in this case protects the interest of plaintiff against having to pay damages for the wrongful acts of its agents. The insurance contract is deemed to have been made in North Carolina.

The appellant, relying on Land Co. v. Byrd, 299 N.C. 260, 261 S.E.2d 655 (1980), Fast v. Gulley, 271 N.C. 208, 155 S.E.2d 507 (1967) and Bundy v. Commercial Credit Co., 200 N.C. 511, 157 S.E. 860 (1931), contends that the law of the state in which the last act in the making of a contract governs and that would be California in this case. None of these cases involved insurance policies and the implication of N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 was not considered.

The North Carolina cases involving insurance contracts, Connor v. Insurance Co., 265 N.C. 188, 143 S.E.2d 98 (1965), Roomy v. Insurance Co., 256 N.C. 318, 123 S.E.2d 817 (1962) and Keesler v. Insurance Co., 177 N.C. 394, 99 S.E. 97 (1919), upon which Hartford relies are distinguishable. Keesler involved a life insurance policy issued in Georgia to a resident of Georgia. No interest in North Carolina was involved. Connor and Roomy involved automobile liability policies on vehicles owned by residents of other states. The vehicle in each case was titled in another state and the insurance policy was purchased in another state. This Court held in each case, without any reference to N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 or its predecessor, that the law of the states in which the policies were issued was the law that governed. It is the very few contacts with this state that distinguishes Connor and Roomy from this case.

Hartford also relies on Hartford A. and I. Co. v. Delta and Pine Land Co., 292 U.S. 143, 54 S.Ct. 634, 78 L.Ed. 1178 (1934), in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a Mississippi statute similar to N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 violated the due process clause as the statute was applied in that case. In that case, the plaintiff had purchased an indemnity bond from the defendant in Tennessee where both parties had offices. A defalcation occurred in Mississippi. The United States Supreme Court reversed a decision by the Supreme Court of Mississippi which had held that Mississippi law governed. The Supreme Court said a state "may not, on grounds of policy, ignore a right which has lawfully vested elsewhere, if, as here, the interest of the forum has but slight connection with the substance of the contract obligations. Here performance at most involved only the casual payment of money in Mississippi." Id. at 150, 54 S.Ct. at 636, 78 L.Ed. at 1181. We believe that is the distinction from this case. In this case, the State has much more than a casual connection with the substance of the insurance policy. Most of the vehicles insured were titled in this state and plaintiff's transportation division is located in this state.

The last two cases upon which Hartford relies are Lowe's No. Wilkesboro Hardware v. Fidelity Mut. L. Ins. Co., 206 F.Supp. 427 (M.D.N.C.1962) and Turner v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 105 F.Supp. 723 (E.D.N.C.1952). Lowe's involved a choice of law question in an action in tort, the plaintiff having alleged that the defendant negligently failed to act on an application for a life insurance policy. A tort claim does not implicate N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1. Lowe's is not authority for this case.

In Turner, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina held that a predecessor statute to N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 did not require that the law of North Carolina govern in interpreting a motor vehicle liability policy when the policy was issued in New Jersey by a New Jersey corporation to a citizen of New Jersey. The motor vehicle was involved in an accident in North Carolina. The court cited Delta and Pine Land Co. and said it would violate the Fourteenth Amendment to allow the statute to require the law of a state to govern "regardless of the relative importance of the interests of the forum as contrasted with those created at the place of the contract." Id. at 726.

We believe that the distinction between this case and those cases upon which Hartford relies and which hold that N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 or similar statutes do not apply or are unconstitutional, lies in the connection of this state with the interests insured. North Carolina has a close connection with the interests insured in this case. N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 clearly means that the law of North Carolina applies and we do not believe the United States Constitution prohibits it.

Hartford contends that if North Carolina law applies it is not liable under the terms of the policy. The policy says:

The company will pay on behalf of the insured ultimate net loss in excess of the total applicable limit ... of underlying insurance ... because of bodily injury, personal injury, property damage or advertising injury....

....

When used in reference to this insurance ...:

"bodily injury" means bodily injury, sickness or disease sustained by any person which occurs during the policy period;

....

"damages" do not include fines or penalties ...;

....

"ultimate net loss" means all sums which the insured and his or her insurers shall become legally obligated to pay as damages....

Hartford contends that the policy does not cover losses by the plaintiff for punitive damages. It says this is so because the policy insures for loss for "bodily injury, personal injury, property damage or advertising injury" and punitive damages in this case were not awarded for any of the injuries. Hartford argues that compensatory damages were awarded for the damages for bodily injury but punitive damages were not. It says the punitive damages were awarded for the bad conduct of the plaintiff's agent and not for damages for bodily injury. Hartford distinguishes Mazza v. Medical Mut. Ins. Co., 311 N.C. 621, 319 S.E.2d 217 (1984), a medical malpractice case in which we held the insurance carrier was liable for punitive damages awarded against the defendant on the ground that in Mazza the policy provided coverage for all damages, which would include punitive damages. There is no such coverage in this case, says Hartford.

We hold that the policy in this case covers liability for punitive damages. If compensatory or nominal damages for bodily injury had not been recoverable by the personal representatives of the two estates in this case, the plaintiff could not have recovered punitive damages. Hawkins v. Hawkins, 331 N.C. 743, 417 S.E.2d 447 (1992). Punitive damages were recovered because of the recovery for bodily injuries to the deceased persons. This recovery is covered by the policy.

Hartford next contends that punitive damages are penalties and thus not covered by the policy which defines damages as not to include "fines or penalties." Hartford relies on Allred v. Graves, 261 N.C. 31, 134 S.E.2d 186 (1964), to argue that punitive damages are penal in nature and should be construed as a penalty.

We do not believe Allred is authority for this case. In Allred, the plaintiff sued the defendants for assault and battery and prayed for punitive damages. The question before this Court was whether the privilege against self incrimination prevented the plaintiff from examining the defendants before trial. We said that "penalty is an elastic term with many different shades of meaning." Id. at 38, 134 S.E.2d at 192. We held that for purposes of exercising the privilege against self incrimination in that case, in which the defendants would be subject to arrest and bail if punitive damages were awarded, the defendants could not be examined before trial. The references to the definition of a penalty in a case involving the privilege against self incrimination are not authority for this case.

We agree with the Court of Appeals that "penalty" as used in the policy is at best ambiguous. This being so, we must interpret it against the insurer who wrote the policy. Trust Co. v. Insurance Co., 276 N.C. 348, 172 S.E.2d 518 (1970). It takes some construing of the word "penalty" to hold that it includes punitive damages. This we cannot do.

For the reasons stated in this opinion, we affirm the Court of Appeals.

AFFIRMED.

MEYER, Justice, dissenting.

Contrary to the majority, I conclude that N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 does not control the choice of law question here. Rather, I believe that the traditional rule of lex loci contractus applies, and thus, California law is the correct law to be applied in this case. Assuming arguendo, however, that North Carolina law is the correct choice, I conclude that the language of the policy does not cover awards of punitive damages, as the policy was limited to damages "because of bodily injury" and excludes "fines and penalties" from recovery. I therefore dissent.

As the...