Com. v. Avery

• Decision Date: 13 July 1982
• Citation: 437 N.E.2d 242,14 Mass.App.Ct. 137
• Parties: , 32 A.L.R.4th 1188 COMMONWEALTH v. William F. AVERY.
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

Page 242

437 N.E.2d 242

14 Mass.App.Ct. 137, 32 A.L.R.4th 1188

COMMONWEALTH v. William F. AVERY.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts,

Plymouth.

Argued June 8, 1982.

Decided July 13, 1982.

Daniel E. Callahan, Lynn, for defendant.

Gail S. Gabriel, Asst. Dist. Atty., for the Commonwealth.

Before BROWN, ROSE and GREANEY, JJ.

GREANEY, Justice.

The defendant was convicted by a jury in the Superior Court on indictments charging rape of a child, G.L. c. 265, § 23, as appearing in St. 1974, c. 474, § 3, and the commission of an unnatural and lascivious act with a child under the age of sixteen, G.L. c. 272, § 35A. The indictments arose out of an incident which occurred on the afternoon of May 13, 1980. Thereafter, the parents of the victim, who was six years old at the time of the incident and seven years old at the time of trial, complained to the police that the defendant, aged eighteen, had enticed their son into his home and there sexually assaulted him. The victim's mother, his ten year old brother, and a police officer corroborated his testimony as fresh complaint witnesses. The defendant testified that he had seen the victim playing in the yard of the house where the defendant lived, but denied having any sexual contact with him. On appeal, the defendant contends that the judge erred (1) in refusing to grant a continuance after a miscalculation of peremptory challenges made it necessary to declare a mistrial; and (2) in refusing to give a requested instruction concerning the credibility of a child's testimony.

1. The case was called for trial on November 7, 1980. The judge indicated to defense counsel that he was "going to get five peremptory challenges." After exhausting the peremptory challenges afforded by the judge, defense counsel asked for an additional challenge. The request was denied and a panel of fourteen jurors was then sworn. No evidence was taken on that day, a Friday. The defendant orally moved for a mistrial, however, on the ground that the offense of rape of a child is a crime punishable by imprisonment for life, and that this fact entitled him to a minimum of twelve peremptory challenges. See Mass.R.Crim.P. 20(c)(1), 378 Mass. 890-891 (1979). On the following Monday, the defendant filed a written motion for a mistrial on the ground that he had been denied his proper allotment of challenges. The motion was then allowed. ¹ The defendant also moved for a continuance until December 1 in order to avoid drawing the new jurors from the same pool. Although the prosecutor did not object, this motion was denied. The judge then advised the jurors that "we're going to do it all over again ... because there were some technical difficulties with respect to the selection of jurors ... last Friday." After the defendant exercised seven peremptory challenges, a second jury, which included eleven of the twelve jurors on the original panel, was accepted and sworn.

The defendant contends that the jurors may have been prejudiced against him as a result of his counsel's efforts to obtain the correct number of challenges. He argues that the only practical remedy was to allow a short continuance to permit the jury to be drawn from a new venire, and that the judge's failure to grant that relief constituted error.

The granting of a continuance rests within the sound discretion of the trial judge, and the denial of a continuance will not constitute error absent an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth v. Klangos, 326 Mass. 690, 691, 96 N.E.2d 176 (1951). Commonwealth v. Bettencourt, 361 Mass. 515, 517-518, 281 N.E.2d 220 (1972). Commonwealth v. Gilchrest, 364 Mass. 272, 274, 276, 303 N.E.2d 331 (1973). Commonwealth v. Cavanaugh, 371 Mass. 46, 50-51, 353 N.E.2d 732 (1976). Commonwealth v. Jackson, 376 Mass. 790, 792, 383 N.E.2d 835 (1978). In ruling on such a motion, a trial judge must balance the reasons given for the delay by the moving party "against the possible inconvenience, increased costs, and prejudice which may be incurred by the opposing party if the motion is granted. He must also give due weight to the interest of the judicial system in avoiding delays which would not measurably contribute to the resolution of a particular controversy." Commonwealth v. Gilchrest, supra, 364 Mass. at 276-277, 303 N.E.2d 331. "There are no mechanical tests for deciding when a denial of a continuance is so arbitrary as to violate due process. The answer must be found in the circumstances present in ... [the individual] case ...." Commonwealth v. Smith, 353 Mass. 442, 445, 232 N.E.2d 917 (1968), quoting from Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589, 84 S.Ct. 841, 849, 11 L.Ed.2d 921 (1964).

The circumstances giving rise to the mistrial here did not require the conclusion that the defendant would be denied a fair trial if the second jury panel were drawn from the same array. See and compare United States v. Phillips, 577 F.2d 688, 689 (10th Cir. 1978). Much of the colloquy about the calculation of challenges took place at sidebar, and what was said before the jury was essentially legal argument which the average layman probably would not have understood. The judge's explanation for the mishap ("technical difficulties") was accurate, neutral and succinct, and not the sort of comment which would be expected to trigger juror bias. Despite the lack of objection by the prosecutor, the judge had an independent duty to see that the indictments were tried with reasonable dispatch, and that justice was administered in an orderly fashion. Since all the witnesses had been assembled for a major felony trial, the judge could properly have considered the inconvenience and expense which would have been caused by a postponement, and the public interest in having the case decided. After denying the motion, the judge carefully examined the jurors on the question of bias or prejudice and their responses gave no indication that the mistrial had affected their impartiality. Defense counsel exercised only seven peremptory challenges and ultimately accepted eleven of the twelve jurors from the first panel. Finally, we note that the judge instructed the jury at this time on their obligation to decide the issues solely on the basis of the evidence. The judge's decision to proceed, in these circumstances, was not a "myopic insistence upon expeditiousness," Ungar v. Sarafite, supra, particularly in view of the care which he took to safeguard the defendant's rights. We find no error in his denial of the motion for a continuance.

2. Prior to closing arguments, defense counsel requested the instruction set forth in the margin, ² but neglected to obtain a ruling on this request prior to the charge. See Mass.R.Crim.P. 24(b), 378 Mass. 895-896 (1979). After the charge, defense counsel objected to the judge's failure to give the requested instruction. The defendant now argues that the judge was required to give the substance of the instruction because the credibility of the child's testimony constituted the central issue in this case.

At least one State has required an instruction similar to that requested here in criminal cases where the credibility of a child's testimony is an important issue. See State v. Anderson, 152 Conn. 196, 198, 205 A.2d 488 (1964). The prevailing view, however, is that a trial judge retains discretion to determine whether the jury should receive a special instruction with respect to the credibility of a young witness, and if so, the nature of that instruction. See State v. Carrillo, 108 Ariz. 524, 525-526, 502 P.2d 1343 (1972); People v. Norred, 110 Cal.App.2d 492, 498, 243 P.2d 126 (1952), cert. denied, 344 U.S. 869, 73 S.Ct. 113, 97 L.Ed. 674 (1952); People v. Cunningham, 194 Colo. 198, 204, 570 P.2d 1086 (1977); Overton v. State, 230 Ga. 830, 833-834, 199 S.E.2d 205 (1973); Lewis v. State, 264 Ind. 288, 297, 342 N.E.2d 859 (1976); People v. Feldt, 26 A.D.2d 743, 744, 272 N.Y.S.2d 223 (N.Y.1966), aff'd, 22 N.Y.2d 839, 293 N.Y.S.2d 103, 239 N.E.2d 733 (1968), habeas corpus denied, United States ex rel. Feldt v. Follette, 298 F.Supp. 1298, 1301 (S.D.N.Y.1969); State v. Bolton, 28 N.C.App. 497, 499, 221 S.E.2d 747 (1976); Marks v. State, 63 Wis.2d 769, 780-781, 218 N.W.2d 328 (1974); State v. Koch, 64 Wyo. 175, 193-195, 189 P.2d 162 (1948). Several courts have expressed concern with the difficulty of fixing an age which would trigger a requirement for such an instruction. By way of example, in State v. Bolton, supra, the court inquired, somewhat rhetorically: "If the instruction were definitely required for a person nine or ten years old, would it be required for one twelve or thirteen years old? If the instruction were required for persons in the early years of life, would it be necessary to set an arbitrary age in the later years of life when a similar instruction would likewise be required?" Other courts have looked to the presence of corroboration as a factor in deciding whether a particularized instruction is necessary for the proper evaluation of the child's testimony. See, e.g., People v. Feldt, supra; State v. Koch, supra.

Underlying many of the decisions, however, is the concern that an instruction which singles out the testimony of the child witness for special scrutiny may infringe upon the jury's exclusive role as arbiter of credibility. See, e.g., Lewis v. State, supra; People v. Cunningham, supra. This concern derives from general principles long recognized in our own cases which were expressed in Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 6 Mass.App. 738, 742-743, 383 N.E.2d 851 (1978), Id., 378 Mass. 296, 391 N.E.2d 889 (1979), in this fashion: "There is nothing improper in a judge's pointing out factors to be considered by the jury in weighing the credibility of oral testimony so long as he does so fairly, gives the jury no indication of whom he believes, and clearly places the function of ultimate appraisal of the testimony on the jury. Commonwealth v. Christie, 145 Mass. 232, 233-234, 13 N.E. 614 (1887). Barrette v....