Com. v. Dickerson

• Citation: 533 Pa. 294,621 A.2d 990
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant, v. Eric DICKERSON, Appellee.
• Decision Date: 17 March 1993
• Court: Pennsylvania Supreme Court

Page 990

621 A.2d 990

533 Pa. 294

COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant, v. Eric DICKERSON, Appellee.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued Dec. 7, 1992.

Decided March 17, 1993.

[533 Pa. 296] Dennis C. McAndrews, Ronald Eisenberg, Deputy Dist. Attys., Catherine Marshall, Chief, Appeals Div., for amicus, Dist. Atty. of Philadelphia.

Vincent G. Iannello, Jr., Media, John W. Packel, Chief, Appeals Div., for amicus, Defender Ass'n of Philadelphia.

Peter Rosalsky, Philadelphia.

Before NIX, C.J., and LARSEN, FLAHERTY, ZAPPALA, PAPADAKOS, CAPPY and MONTEMURO, JJ.

OPINION OF THE COURT

FLAHERTY, Justice.

This case requires the interpretation of two provisions of the Sentencing Code--mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat offenders and computation of prior record score under the sentencing guidelines. The sentencing court held that enhanced sentencing provisions applied at appellee's second sentencing even though he had committed the second offense prior to his conviction for the first. The Superior Court reversed, holding that the enhanced sentencing provisions could not be imposed unless the second offense was committed after conviction for the first offense.

Appellee committed rape and involuntary deviate sexual intercourse on two separate women within hours of each other during the evening of New Years Eve, 1986. Two separate sets of charges resulted from the attacks. Both rapes were committed at knifepoint with appellee dragging his victims from the street into abandoned buildings.

On February 11, 1988, appellee was convicted by a jury of the first rape and related offenses. On September 13, 1988, he was sentenced to serve an aggregate prison term of seven and one-half to fifteen years. Judgment of sentence was affirmed by the Superior Court on July 31, 1989.

On April 4, 1989, appellee entered a plea of guilty on the second rape and related charges. At the time of his plea, he was aware of the Commonwealth's intent to proceed under the mandatory sentencing provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714, relating to second and subsequent offenses. In addition, appellee's prior record score in the sentencing guideline form reflected his prior rape conviction. On April 10, 1989, appellee was sentenced for the crimes relating to the second rape to a term of ten to twenty years incarceration, consecutive to the sentence for the first rape. Following additional hearings regarding appellee's motions to modify sentence, the trial court reduced the sentence on the second offense to a prison term of seven and one-half years, again to be served consecutively to the first sentence.

On appeal of the second judgment of sentence, the Superior Court vacated the sentence, holding that the mandatory minimum sentencing statute and the sentencing guidelines do not apply unless the second offense occurs after conviction for the first offense. We allowed the Commonwealth's appeal in order to review this interpretation of the relevant statutes.

The recidivist sentencing statute, in pertinent part, reads as follows:

§ 9714. Sentences for second and subsequent offenses

(a) Mandatory sentence.--Any person who is convicted in any court of this Commonwealth of murder of the third degree, voluntary manslaughter, rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, arson ..., kidnapping or robbery ... or attempt to commit any of these crimes, or who is convicted of aggravated assault in which the offender intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes serious bodily injury to another under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life, shall, if they have previously been convicted of a crime of violence as specified in subsection (b), be sentenced to a minimum sentence of at least five years of total confinement notwithstanding any other provision of this title or other statute to the contrary.

(b) Prior convictions for crimes of violence.--For the purposes of subsection (a), an offender shall be deemed to have prior convictions for crimes of violence if both of the following conditions hold:

(1) The offender was previously convicted in this Commonwealth or any other state or the District of Columbia or in any Federal court of murder, voluntary manslaughter, rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, robbery ..., arson ..., kidnapping or aggravated assault in which the offender intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes serious bodily injury to another under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life, an equivalent crime under the laws of the Commonwealth in effect prior to the effective date of Title 18 (relating to crimes and offenses) or an equivalent crime in another jurisdiction. The previous conviction need not be for the same crime as the instant offense for this section to be applicable.

(2) The previous conviction occurred within seven years of the date of the commission of the instant offense, except that any time during which the offender was incarcerated in any penitentiary, prison or other place of detention shall not be considered in computing the relevant seven-year period. Convictions for other offenses arising from the same criminal episode as the instant offense shall not be considered previous convictions for the purpose of this section. For purposes of this section previous conviction shall include any conviction, whether or not judgment of sentence has been imposed or litigation is pending concerning that conviction.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9714 (emphasis added).

The emphasized portion of the statute provides that the mandatory minimum five-year sentence will not be imposed unless "the previous conviction occurred within seven years of the date of the commission of the instant offense." We understand the quoted language to mean "within seven years prior to the date of the commission of the instant offense." The Commonwealth argues that it means "within seven years before or after the date of the commission of the instant offense." The dispute arises because the legislature apparently did not consider the anomaly posed by appellee's criminal behavior. In cases of recidivism, we expect the following sequence of events: first offense, first conviction, first sentencing, second offense, second conviction, second sentencing. In such a situation, the legislature provided that the mandatory minimum sentence would be imposed at the second sentencing if the first conviction occurred within seven years prior to the commission of the second offense. If the first conviction occurred more than seven years before the second offense, the legislature did not consider the criminal sufficiently blameworthy to merit the enhanced minimum sentence. The sequence of events in this case, however, was: first offense, second offense, first conviction, first sentencing, second conviction, second sentencing. We hold that, in this sequence, the mandatory minimum sentencing statute does not apply because the first conviction did not occur within seven years prior to the commission of the second offense.

Although appellant mockingly refers to it as the "ancient 'hardeneth his neck' philosophy," we are persuaded that the rationale of the Superior Court is correct:

This Court long ago articulated the theory underlying habitual criminal legislation, as follows:

It was not intended that the heavier penalty prescribed for the commission of a second offense should descend upon anyone, except the incorrigible one, who after being reproved, 'still hardeneth his neck.' If the heavier penalty prescribed for the second violation ... is visited upon the one who has not had the benefit of the reproof of a first conviction, then the purpose of the statute is lost.

Commonwealth v. Dickerson, 404 Pa.Super. 249, 258, 590 A.2d 766, 771 (1991), quoting Commonwealth v. Sutton, 125 Pa.Super. 407, 413, 189 A. 556, 558 (1937). The point of sentence enhancement is to punish more severely offenders who have persevered in criminal activity despite the theoretically beneficial effects of penal discipline. Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 349 Pa.Super. 415, 419, 503 A.2d 435, 437 (1986), allocatur granted, 514 Pa. 617, 521 A.2d 932 (1986), appeal dismissed, 517 Pa. 406, 537 A.2d 1370 (1988). In numerous cases, the court has unwaveringly applied the same rule. See Commonwealth v. Eyster, 401 Pa.Super. 477, 585 A.2d 1027 (1991) (en banc); Commonwealth v. Becker, 366 Pa.Super. 54, 530 A.2d 888 (1987) (en banc), allocatur denied, 520 Pa. 586, 551 A.2d 213 (1988); Commonwealth v. Kearns, 365 Pa.Super. 13, 528 A.2d 992 (1987); Commonwealth v. Wolfe, supra; Commonwealth v. Mourar, 349 Pa.Super. 583, 504 A.2d 197 (1986) (en banc), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 517 Pa. 83, 534 A.2d 1050 (1987); Commonwealth v. Calio, 155 Pa.Super. 355, 38 A.2d 351 (1944); Commonwealth v. Sutton, supra; Commonwealth v. Neill, 16 Pa.Super. 210 (1901). The rule, though hoary with age, is nonetheless viable.

Moreover, other language in the statute supports our interpretation. The same...