Commonwealth v. Hooker
| Decision Date | 02 October 2001 |
| Docket Number | No. 00-P-81.,00-P-81. |
| Citation | 52 Mass. App. Ct. 683,755 NE 2d 791 |
| Parties | COMMONWEALTH v. GEORGE HOOKER. |
| Court | Appeals Court of Massachusetts |
Present: ARMSTRONG, C.J., GRASSO, & BERRY, JJ.
Jane E. Ross for the defendant.
Cathryn A. Neaves, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
In this appeal from his conviction for illegal possession of a class B substance, cocaine, with intent to distribute (G. L. c. 94C, § 32Aa), we consider the defendant's contention that the trial judge erroneously denied his motion to suppress evidence seized in a warrantless search of the taxicab in which he was a passenger. We conclude that the trial judge erred in his application of the appropriate legal standards to the facts found, and we reverse the defendant's conviction.
1. Facts. We summarize the facts found by the motion judge. On July 31, 1998, Officer Michael Devane, a Boston police veteran with extensive experience in narcotics activity, was with three other officers in plain clothes operating an unmarked police vehicle on Blue Hill Avenue in the Roxbury section of Boston. At about 8:20 P.M., as Officer Devane was turning onto Moreland Street, a taxi passed in front of him carrying a rear seat passenger, later identified as the defendant. As Officer Devane travelled behind the taxi, he observed the defendant looking back in his direction. Shortly thereafter, the taxi began to make a left turn onto Copeland Street and then abruptly swerved back to the right, nearly hitting an oncoming vehicle and then the curb. Officer Devane activated the emergency lights and siren of his vehicle and stopped the taxi for the observed motor vehicle violation.
From his vantage behind the taxi, Officer Devane saw the defendant moving his shoulders back and forth. While Officer Devane could not see the defendant's hands, he surmised from these movements that the defendant was putting something on the rear seat. As Officer Devane approached the passenger side of the taxi, he observed the defendant again looking back.
At this point, Officer Devane recognized the passenger as the defendant, a man he had twice arrested in the past — once, more than five years earlier, for domestic violence, and another time, about two years prior, in connection with a stolen motor vehicle. In the past, the defendant had been quite violent and unruly and had acted threateningly and been verbally abusive to Officer Devane, but as the defendant had gotten older, he no longer behaved in that manner.
While Officer Devane approached the defendant, another officer requested and obtained license and registration information from the taxi's operator and inquired as to the erratic operation. The driver related that although he had started to turn onto Copeland Street, the defendant directed him not to go there. Meanwhile, Officer Devane had opened the taxi door to "tell the defendant the reason for the stop." He then asked the defendant why he hadn't wanted to go down Copeland Street, a high crime area. The defendant responded that it was "hot," with the police behind him, and he believed that the police would follow him.
Because of the movements he had observed and the defendant's apparent nervousness, as well as his prior experience with the defendant as a violent person, Officer Devane asked the defendant to get out of the taxi. He was concerned that the defendant might have disposed of some items, and he wanted to check out the seats. When the defendant got out, Officer Yee leaned into the taxi and lifted the defendant's jacket, finding the cocaine that formed the basis for prosecution.
2. Discussion. Assessment of witness credibility is the province of the motion judge, see Commonwealth v. Gutierrez, 26 Mass. App. Ct. 42, 47 (1988), so we accept the judge's subsidiary findings of fact, because we observe no clear error. See Commonwealth v. Torres, 433 Mass. 669, 670 (2001). While we accord substantial deference to the judge's legal conclusions, we review independently the application of constitutional principles to the facts. Id. at 671-672. The judge erred in determining that the defendant had no expectation of privacy in the back seat of the taxi. An expectation of privacy in the interior of a motor vehicle generally depends on the nature of the activities involved and the degree of visibility. See Commonwealth v. Simmons, 392 Mass. 45, 46-51, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 (1984). While an expectation of privacy did not protect the defendant from being observed through the windows by police and others as the taxi navigated the public way, or when it was stopped lawfully, the defendant did have a reasonable expectation that the police would not arbitrarily order him from the taxi and look beneath a jacket he had placed on the seat. See Commonwealth v. Podgurski, 386 Mass. 385, 389 (1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1222 (1983).
Both sides agree that the stop of the taxi for the observed motor vehicle violation was proper.1 See Commonwealth v. Santana, 420 Mass. 205, 207 (1995). However, in a routine motor vehicle stop, the police may not, as they did here, order a driver or passenger from a lawfully stopped vehicle without reasonable apprehension of danger to an officer or others. See Commonwealth v. Gonsalves, 429 Mass. 658, 662-663 (1999); Commonwealth v. Williams, 46 Mass. App. Ct. 181, 183 (1999).2 The facts found by the judge do not support the legal determination that the police possessed either a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, see Commonwealth v. Thibeau, 384 Mass. 762, 764 (1981), or a reasonable apprehension of danger, see Commonwealth v. Fitzgibbons, 23 Mass. App. Ct. 301, 306-307 n.5 (1986). Consequently, the actions of the police were not proportionate to what the circumstances called for, either at the time of the initial stop or as the stop developed. Contrast Commonwealth v. Torres, 433 Mass. at 672-675.
This was not a swiftly developing situation. See Commonwealth v. Sinforoso, 434 Mass. 320, 325-326 (2001). Besides the motor vehicle violation, the police observed no other illegal activity as they followed the taxi and nothing occurred in the course of the stop, either individually or in combination with other facts, to create a reasonable suspicion that the defendant was engaging in criminal activity or posed a reasonable risk of harm to the officers or others. Compare Commonwealth v. Torres, 433 Mass. at 673-675; Commonwealth v. Riche, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 830, 832-834 (2001); Commonwealth v. Robie, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 494, 497-498 (2001). The defendant's looking back at the following vehicle before the stop is not remarkable. Considered objectively, his looking back after the stop should have appeared even less remarkable to Officer Devane and the others given that their vehicle was not a marked unit, they were in plain clothes, and the adjoining neighborhood was a high crime area.3 A citizen is not required to sit absolutely motionless in a stopped vehicle. Not every turn of the head is a furtive gesture causing a defendant a fate equivalent to that of Lot's wife.4 See Commonwealth v. Holley, ante 659, 663-665 (2001) (). Moreover, a defendant's desire to avoid an interaction with police, without more, does not create reasonable suspicion, see Commonwealth v. Bacon, 381 Mass. 642, 645-646 (1980); Commonwealth v. Mercado, 422 Mass. 367, 371 (1996), or reasonable apprehension of danger, compare Commonwealth v. Silva, 366 Mass. 402, 408-409 (1974).5
That the defendant moved his upper shoulders and appeared to place something on the seat is neither indicative of criminality nor a ground for reasonable apprehension. He did not duck out of sight, lean forward, or move back and forth in his seat. In the circumstances here, moving his shoulders did not amount to strange, furtive, or suspicious behavior. See Commonwealth v. Grinkley, 44 Mass. App. Ct. at 71 & n.11; Commonwealth v. Holley, supra at 663-665. Nor does the fact that these events occurred in proximity to a high crime area, by itself, operate to justify the exit order. See Commonwealth v. Cheek, 413 Mass. 492, 496-497 (1992); Commonwealth v. Holley, supra at 663 (...
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