Conner v. Carlton, 37932

• Decision Date: 14 May 1969
• Docket Number: No. 37932,37932
• Citation: 223 So.2d 324
• Parties: Doyle CONNER, as Commissioner of Agriculture, State of Florida, Appellant, v. Reuben CARLTON et al., Appellees.
• Court: Florida Supreme Court

Page 324

223 So.2d 324

Doyle CONNER, as Commissioner of Agriculture, State of Florida, Appellant, v. Reuben CARLTON et al., Appellees.

No. 37932.

Supreme Court of Florida.

May 14, 1969.

Rehearing Denied June 27, 1969.

Wilton R. Miller and Jack Shoemaker, Tallahassee, for appellant.

Jones, Adams, Paine & Foster, Charles H. Damsel, Jr., and John R. Beranek, West Palm Beach, for appellees.

ERVIN, Chief Justice.

We review an appeal of Appellant Doyle Conner, as Commissioner of Agriculture for the State of Florida, from an adverse final decree of the Circuit Court of Martin County refusing to enforce or permit implementation of a program inaugurated by the Commissioner in the county to control, eradicate, and prevent the spread of brucellosis (Bang's disease) in cattle. Specifically, Appellees refused to comply with a ten days' notice from the Commissioner to present their cattle for brucellosis tests. A mandatory injunction to require their compliance was rejected in the final decree.

The program requires cattle owners to present their cattle for tests by the Commissioner's agents to determine if they are 'reactors' of the disease, i.e., infected with brucellosis. If any cattle are found by such tests to be reactors they are required to be immediately branded on their left jaws with the letter 'B' at least 2 inches by 2 inches, removed from the herd and sold at public auction markets and slaughtered, all within 15 days after they have been identified as reactors. The indemnity or compensation paid by the State for each animal slaughtered is restricted to not more than $12.50.

The trial court in its final decree found there was no 'valid emergency under the police power of the state' which would entitle the Commissioner to porceed with the brucellosis control program in Martin County. It found the purpose of the control program was 'for administrative control of the transportation of cattle, and this program is not designed to protect the health, safety and morals of the community.'

The trial court further found from the evidence that brucellosis had existed in cattle in Martin County and the State for a number of years, that the incidence of such disease has not appreciably increased for some years, and

'* * * that there is no threatened or actual epidemic or emergency in the cattle industry in the State of Florida or in Martin County, Florida, due to such disease at this time. In fact, the evidence shows that during the last ten or fifteen years or more, the control of brucellosis in cattle is being accomplished quite well through a vaccination program. The Court further finds that as the bovine brucellosis eradication program is now being administered by the Commissioner of Agriculture in Martin County, Florida, that is, under the tests that are being used to determine which animals are infected, some healthy animals are shown by the tests to be infected, when in fact they are not infected and such animals are required to be sent to slaughter along with infected animals and sent as infected as animals. It is true that the percentage or number of healthy animals required to be sent to slaughter along with infected animals in most instances is not large, but such percentage or number cannot be said to be insignificant, and the evidence does definitely show that some healthy animals are sent to slaughter along with the infected animals due to the ineffectiveness of the tests being used, even though the methods being used by the plaintiff (Commissioner of Agriculture) to detect the infection are those generally employed and are known to be the most effective at this time. The evidence also shows that some infected animals sent to slaughter are still productive and have a value other than a carcass value or for slaughter.'

Having made the foregoing findings, the trial judge proceeded to strike down as unconstitutional F.S. Sections 585.09 and 585.10, F.S.A., which are key sections of the enabling statutes for the Commissioner's brucellosis control program. The decision also struck the rule or regulation, Section 7--C--6.02(2)(d), of the Department of Agriculture, Division of Animal Industry, adopted by the Commissioner to implement Sections 585.09 and 585.10. In holding the statutes unconstitutional our jurisdiction of this appeal was invoked.

Sections 585.09 and 585.10, to be understood, must be read in connection with related provisions of Chapter 585, F.S. Such related provisions (a) identify and declare Brucellosis and other named diseases to be known as dangerous, transmissible diseases (§ 585.15); (b) provide that when such diseases enumerated in Section 585.15 shall exist in the state, the Commissioner through the Division of Animal Industry,

'* * * may, or through its representatives and agents, dip, examine, test, identify, treat or destroy, and infected, exposed, suspected or susceptible animal and any goods, products or materials that may carry contagion, or may quarantine on or in, for or against any premises, areas, or localities within the state * * *' (§ 585.16, F.S.)

and, (c) provide that the Commissioner is authorized to

'Condemn and destroy any domestic animals, or other animals affected with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, or which have been exposed to or are suspected of being liable to spread any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease.' (§ 585.08(4))

Sections 585.09 and 585.10 provide that such condemnation and destruction of domestic animals shall take place only after a fair appraisal of their value which shall be determined by the Commissioner and the owner; provided if they are unable to agree, the value thereof shall be determined by three disinterested appraisers, one to be appointed by the Commissioner, one to be appointed by the owner, and the other by the first two appraisers. If the owner refuses to name his appraiser in five days or to permit his condemned domestic animal to be destroyed, and Commissioner may make an order directing the county sheriff to destroy such animal. The Department of Agriculture is authorized to indemnify and reimburse owners of all animals condemned and destroyed by order of the Commissioner in cases where such animals have reacted to the tuberculin test or the agglutination blood test for brucellosis (Bang's disease) provided, however, that such indemnity or reimbursement shall not exceed the sum of $12.50 for any one animal.

The defendant owners of cattle in Martin County successfully contended below that any statute, rule, regulation or program which requires them, when there is no threatened or existing epidemic or emergency, to involuntarily send any noninfected animal or infected animal which is still useful and productive and which has a value other than a carcass value, to slaughter without first affording the owner a full and fair hearing is unconstitutional under Section 12 of the Declaration of Rights of the Florida Constitution, F.S.A., which provides 'nor shall private property be taken without just compensation.'

In holding F.S. Sections 585.09 and 585.10, F.S.A. invalid, the trial court relied upon the cases of Corneal v. State Plant Board (Fla.1957), 95 So.2d 1, 70 A.L.R.2d 845, and State Plant Board v. Smith (Fla.1959), 110 So.2d 401.

We do not believe these cases are apposite to the situation in the instant case and accordingly reverse for the reasons following:

We do not think slow spreading decline in citrus trees through the action of the burrowing nematode dealt with in the cases last cited above can be logically equated with the highly contagious communicable disease of brucellosis that infects both cattle and people. The compelling impact of the latter upon the bublic interest and community health in much more extensive, rapid and virulent than is spreading decline. Brucellosis affects the public health while such is not the case with spreading decline. Ordinarily, diseases affecting the health of persons or domestic animals are considered in law to be more malefic than diseases infesting or infecting plant life, and do not necessarily require a showing of their emergent or epidemic effects as a predicate compelling public interest for their summary eradication and control. The nature, control and treatment of brucellosis are discussed in Snapp and Neumann, Beef Cattle, 5th Ed., pages 619 and 620, as follows:

'Brucellosis may also be called Bang's disease, contagious abortion, or, simply, abortion. Abortion of the infectious type is one of the worst diseases with which cattle breeders have to contend. It is caused, as a rule, by a specific organism known as Brucella abortus, although other uterine infections of a more general character may likewise bring about a number of abortions in a herd of cows. Apparently infection generally gains access to a new victim through the mouth, having been scattered in the uterine discharge of an aborting animal over grass, hay, and other feed materials, or into the water source. All aborting cows should be segregated from the herd and kept in quarantine until at least 3 weeks after all uterine discharge has ceased, or until a negative blood test has been obtained. Some authorities hold that an infected cow is never rid of the organisms, although she may eventually become sufficiently immune to calve at the normal time. * * *

'There is no known cure for brucellosis. Immunization of heifer calves between 6 and 8 months of age with a standardized live vaccine, Brucella abortus strain 19, is a reasonably effective immunizing agent. In older animals, immunization may effectively prevent the disease but it interferes with blood agglutination tests, thus making...