Craig v. Floyd County

• Decision Date: 20 June 2011
• Docket Number: No. 10–13225.,10–13225.
• Citation: 22 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C 2178,643 F.3d 1306
• Parties: Henry CRAIG, Plaintiff–Appellant,v.FLOYD COUNTY, GEORGIA, et al., Defendants,Georgia Correctional Health, LLC, Defendant–Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

643 F.3d 1306

22 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C 2178

Henry CRAIG, Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.FLOYD COUNTY, GEORGIA, et al., Defendants,Georgia Correctional Health, LLC, Defendant–Appellee.

No. 10–13225.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

June 20, 2011.

Steven P. Berne, Law Office of Steven Berne, Atlanta, GA, for Plaintiff–Appellant.Cynthia M. Daley, Matthew Richard LaVallee, Daley Koster & LaVallee, LLC, Atlanta, GA, for Defendant–Appellee.Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.Before CARNES, PRYOR and COX, Circuit Judges.PRYOR, Circuit Judge:

This appeal presents the question whether Henry Craig, a former detainee at the Floyd County Jail in Rome, Georgia, failed to present sufficient evidence that Georgia Correctional Health, LLC, had a policy or custom of deliberate indifference to the serious medical needs of pretrial detainees in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. While detained for nine days in jail, Craig received sixteen evaluations from nine different employees of Georgia Correctional before he received a computed tomography scan, which revealed that Craig had air, bleeding, and fractures in his head that required neurological surgery. The district court ruled that Craig could not prove a policy or custom of deliberate indifference based on this single incident. Because Craig failed to present evidence that Georgia Correctional had a policy or custom of constitutional violations, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In the early hours of July 4, 2006, a police officer approached Henry Craig as he walked down a road in Rome, Georgia. Craig had consumed methamphetamine hours earlier, and he behaved erratically and commanded the officer to shoot him. Two other officers arrived, and one of them used a taser to disable Craig. Craig fell, and a puddle of blood formed on the ground beside his head.

An ambulance transported Craig to Floyd Medical Center. The paramedics recorded that Craig's right ear was bleeding and they took a blood sample from Craig. Nurses at Floyd Medical Center took a urine sample from Craig and performed an electrocardiogram test, and a physician cleared Craig for incarceration at the Floyd County Jail.

Officers transported Craig to the jail that same morning. The arresting officer informed Jason Watts, the intake paramedic, that Craig had stated multiple times that he wished to die. Watts observed that Craig had blood around his nose, elevated blood pressure, and an unsteady gait. Watts determined that Craig should be placed in a padded cell for observation and suicide watch. Craig was also scheduled to see a mental health medical provider, which was standard procedure for detainees in padded cells.

Georgia Correctional Health, LLC, is a private contractor that provided health care to the detainees of the Floyd County Jail. A nurse practitioner employed by Georgia Correctional, Susan Hatfield, assessed Craig on July 5, 2006, the morning after his arrest. Hatfield recorded that Craig had dried blood on the outside of his right ear, which she determined was a symptom of a ruptured ear drum. Hatfield also found Craig to be alert and oriented as to time and place and saw that Floyd Medical Center had cleared Craig for incarceration. Craig expressed no complaints about his health to Hatfield during the examination. Hatfield did not obtain Craig's medical records from Floyd Medical Center before she evaluated Craig, nor did she refer Craig to a physician. Based on her assessment, Hatfield determined that Craig's medical condition should be monitored while on suicide watch.

Over nine days, Craig received sixteen evaluations of his health by nine different medical professionals employed by Georgia Correctional. Craig was evaluated by nurses, nurse practitioners, a psychologist, and a physician. During some of these evaluations, Craig failed to voice any complaints about his health. At other times, Craig stated that he had not eaten in five days, that he had only urinated once since arriving at the jail, and that he had severe headaches, neck pain, and a lack of hearing in his right ear. When Craig complained of headaches and other pain, employees of Georgia Correctional gave him acetaminophen, ibuprofen, other pain killers, and muscle relaxants. Craig's symptoms persisted, and a physician, Dr. Walter Smith, examined him. Hatfield and Dr. Smith requested Craig's medical records from the night of his arrest.

On July 13, 2006, Hatfield ordered a computed tomography scan of Craig's head while she awaited receipt of his medical records. The scan revealed that Craig had air and bleeding in his head, along with several fractures. Medical personnel transported Craig to Floyd Medical Center for treatment and then to Grady Memorial Hospital, where he underwent neurological surgery.

On June 12, 2008, Craig filed a complaint that Georgia Correctional had been deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs. The district court granted a summary judgment against Craig's complaint. The district court concluded, “[a]t most, ... [Craig's] evidence only points to one incident—the instant case—involving an allegedly unconstitutional deprivation. Evidence of this single incident, however, simply is not sufficient to establish a custom, policy, or practice” of deliberate indifference. The district court explained that Craig's expert witness, Dr. Jimmy Graham, had no personal knowledge of Georgia Correctional and instead “testified that his opinion was based on his experience providing medical care at other jails.” The district court ruled that Craig had failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact about an essential element of his complaint: whether a policy, practice, or custom of Georgia Correctional had violated Craig's constitutional right. See Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of N.Y.C., 436 U.S. 658, 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2037–38, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“This Court reviews de novo summary judgment rulings and draws all inferences and reviews all evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Moton v. Cowart, 631 F.3d 1337, 1341 (11th Cir.2011). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). If the nonmoving party fails to “make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, ... there can be ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact,’ since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) (1963) (current version at Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a) (2010))).

III. DISCUSSION

Craig contends that Georgia Correctional violated his right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment when it failed to provide him care for a serious medical need. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “As a pre-trial detainee, [Craig]'s rights exist[ed] under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment rather than the Eighth Amendment .... Nonetheless, [Craig's] claims are subject to the same scrutiny as if they had been brought as deliberate indifference claims under the Eighth Amendment.” Mann v. Taser Int'l, Inc., 588 F.3d 1291, 1306 (11th Cir.2009) (internal citation omitted). “To prevail on a deliberate indifference to serious medical need claim, Plaintiffs must show: (1) a serious medical need; (2) the defendants' deliberate indifference to that need; and (3) causation between that indifference and the plaintiff's injury.” Id. at 1306–07.

Georgia Correctional is a private entity, but “[w]hen a private entity ... contracts with a county to provide medical services to inmates, it performs a function traditionally within the exclusive prerogative of the state” and “becomes the functional equivalent of the municipality” under section 1983. Buckner v. Toro, 116 F.3d 450, 452 (11th Cir.1997). “[L]iability under § 1983 may not be based on the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Grech v. Clayton Cnty., Ga., 335 F.3d 1326, 1329 (11th Cir.2003) (en banc). Craig must prove that Georgia Correctional had a “policy or custom” of deliberate indifference that led to the violation of his constitutional right. Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. at 2037–38. Because municipalities rarely have an official policy that endorses a constitutional violation, Craig “must show that [Georgia Correctional] ha[d] a custom or practice of permitting it and that [Georgia Correctional's] custom or practice [was] ‘the moving force [behind] the constitutional violation.’ ” Grech, 335 F.3d at 1330 (last alteration in original) (quoting City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 389, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 1205, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989)).

“Proof of a single incident of unconstitutional activity is not sufficient to impose liability” against a municipality. City of Okla. City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 823–24, 105 S.Ct. 2427, 2436, 85 L.Ed.2d 791 (1985) (plurality opinion). “A pattern of similar constitutional violations ... is ‘ordinarily necessary.’ ” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. ––––, 131 S.Ct. 1350, 1360, 179 L.Ed.2d 417 (2011) (quoting Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs of Bryan Cnty., Okla. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 409, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 1391, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997)). “A single incident would not be so pervasive as to be a custom,” Grech, 335 F.3d at 1330 n.6, because a custom must be such “a longstanding and widespread practice [that it] is deemed authorized by the policymaking officials because they must have known about it but failed to stop it,” Brown v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 923 F.2d 1474, 1481 (11th Cir.1991). This requirement of proof “prevents the imposition of liability based upon an isolated incident,” McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1290 (11th Cir. 2004), and “ ‘ensures that a...