Crawford v. Roy, 13924

• Decision Date: 12 April 1978
• Docket Number: No. 13924,13924
• Citation: 176 Mont. 227,577 P.2d 392
• Parties: David B. CRAWFORD and John Isaacson, Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. Philip E. ROY, Defendant and Respondent.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 392

577 P.2d 392

176 Mont. 227

David B. CRAWFORD and John Isaacson, Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. Philip E. ROY, Defendant and Respondent.

No. 13924.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted Jan. 27, 1978.

Decided April 12, 1978.

Dola N. Wilson, Jr. (argued), Great Falls, for plaintiffs and appellants.

Philip E. Roy, Browning, for defendant and respondent.

SHEA, Justice.

Plaintiffs appeal from a order of the Glacier County District Court dismissing their complaint without prejudice against defendant on an action in debt.

Defendant Roy is an attorney in Browning, Montana, which is located within the exterior boundaries of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. Roy is an enrolled member of the Blackfeet Indian Tribe. Plaintiffs Crawford and Isaacson are investigators who had offices in Great Falls at the time this action commenced. They performed investigations and legal research for Roy, which involved work both on and off the Blackfeet reservation. Their work involved another Montana Indian tribe, the Belknap, and Federal Court cases involving both Indian and non-Indian parties in this state.

The parties negotiated an initial agreement for services in a series of meetings which took place in Roy's law office and in Great Falls. The investigators reported to Roy in Browning. Prior to the contract in dispute here, Roy had given the investigators a note for $18,000.00 in payment for their services. The investigators surrendered this note to Roy at the time the contract in dispute was signed.

The parties signed the contract in Roy's law office in Browning on December 26, 1975. It provided in relevant part that Roy owed the investigators $24,000.00; that he was paying them $10,800.00; that the $18,000.00 note was returned to him by the investigators; and that Roy would pay the balance due of $13,200.00 in installments sent to the investigators at a post office box in Great Falls.

The investigators filed an action in District Court on November 16, 1976, to collect the debt of $13,200.00 plus interest and costs. Roy moved to dismiss the complaint on December 9, 1976, on the grounds that the state District Court lacked jurisdiction over the subject matter. The contention was that only the Blackfeet Tribe had jurisdiction. The court received affidavits and documentary evidence and on June 17, 1977 entered its findings and conclusions and dismissed the complaint.

In concluding that Williams v. Lee, (1959), 358 U.S. 217, 79 S.Ct. 269, 3 L.Ed.2d 251, precluded the District Court from asserting jurisdiction, the District Court made the following findings: That the parties entered into and signed the agreement in Roy's law offices on the reservation; that some of the services to be performed were on the reservation and others off the reservation; that Roy was to make payment to the plaintiffs' assignee through the United States mail and delivery was completed upon posting within the reservation; and that no testimony was introduced to vary the terms of the written agreement.

It is agreed that the federal government did not expressly grant jurisdiction to the state, nor has the state expressly assumed jurisdiction over the subject matter under federal law. Even so, this does not preclude state jurisdiction. The United States Supreme Court stated in Williams v. Lee, supra:

" * * * Essentially, absent governing Acts of Congress, the question has always been whether the state action infringed on the right of reservation Indians to make their own laws and be ruled by them. * * * " 358 U.S. at 220, 79 S.Ct. at 271, 3 L.Ed.2d at 254.

This Court, quoting from Organized Village of Kake v. Egan, (1960), 369 U.S. 60, 82 S.Ct. 562, 7 L.Ed.2d 573, stated in Iron Bear v. Dist. Court, (1973), 162 Mont. 335, 344, 512 P.2d 1292:

" * * * 'even on reservations state laws may be applied unless such application would interfere with reservation self-government or would impair a right granted or reserved by federal law.' * * * "

Absent federal law, this state has asserted jurisdiction over a transaction involving an Indian party when that transaction involved significant contacts with the state outside reservation boundaries. When the transaction in dispute, or any part of it, has occurred outside the reservation but within the geographic boundaries of the state, this Court in several cases has held an Indian party has voluntarily subjected himself to state jurisdiction over that transaction. Little Horn State Bank v. Stops, (1976), Mont., 555 P.2d 211, 33 St.Rep. 959, cert. den., 430 U.S. 904, 97 S.Ct. 1171, 51 L.Ed.2d...