Cunningham v. State
| Decision Date | 09 October 1973 |
| Docket Number | No. 671S162,671S162 |
| Citation | 261 Ind. 256,301 N.E.2d 638 |
| Parties | Gerald CUNNINGHAM et al., Appellants, v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee. |
| Court | Indiana Supreme Court |
Charles A. Thompson, Irwin J. Prince, Indianapolis, for appellants.
Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., John H. Meyers, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee.
The appellants in this case seeks a reversal of their conviction under the following statute, IC 1971, 35--19--4--4 (Burns' Ind.Stat.Ann. § 10--4534 (1972) Supp.)):
Interference with lawful use of public building.--It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to go upon or remain within a public building for the purpose of interfering with the lawful use of such building by other persons or in such manner as to have the effect of denying to others the lawful use of such building. (Acts 1969, ch. 179, § 4, p. 457.)
Appellant alleges that the evidence was insufficient. On appeal, this Court does not weigh the evidence. We look at the record to see if there exists probative evidence which, when considered along with reasonable inferences therefrom, support the position of the Appellee. Blackburn v. State (1973), Ind., 291 N.E.2d 686; Riner v. State (1972), Ind., 281 N.E.2d 815, reh. den.; Buise v. State (1972), Ind., 281 N.E.2d 93, reh. den.
From this point of view the following facts emerge from the record. The appellants entered a Selective Service office during working hours on the third day of March in 1970. They walked through the 'work area' of the office placing a rose on each desk and distributing leaflets. They filled and crowded the 'waiting area' so that those waiting for service had to be taken elsewhere. They were asked to leave, but refused. Finally, a policeman was called and they ignored his request to leave. Appellants also read the names of Indiana residents killed in the Vietnam war in unison in a manner described by one witness as 'above a normal voice.' As a result of all this activity a supervisor testified that her 'girls . . . were not getting their work done.
It is clear from this recitation that appellants, who who are presumed to have intended the foreseeable consequences of their intentional conduct, violated the statute by 'going upon and remaining within a public building for the purpose of interfering with the lawful use of such building.'
Appellants seek to prevent the application of this statute to their conduct by arguing that it violates Art. 4, § 19 of the Indiana Constitution:
Every act shall embrace but one subject and matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act, which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title.
Appellants suggest that the statute attempts to encompass two separate subject matters; namely, trespass and 'loud and disturbing conduct.' This argument misapprehends the nature of the statute. Appellants were not convicted for what they said or even for how they said it, but for the foreseeable effect of their intentional conduct--going upon and remaining within a public building for the purpose of disrupting work therein. The statute regulates only one matter--trespass, and a particular kind of trespass which is defined as a going upon or remaining within a public building with the intent of disrupting the work that goes on in that building.
Appellants next suggest that considering the social climate of the era during which the statute was passed (1969), the legislature intended the phrase 'public building' to mean only a university building. Such a suggestion is without merit. The legislature could well have said 'university' if it meant to. Moreover, the preceding section, IC 1971, 35--19--4--3 (Burns' Ind.Stat.Ann. § 10--4533 (1972 Supp.)) is titled 'Educational institution--Refusal to leave property on demand.'
Appellants lastly argue that the statute is an unconstitutional limitation of First Amendment freedoms. This claim was rejected in Campbell v. State (1971), 256 Ind. 630, 271 N.E.2d 463 where we said that:
The right of free expression, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, exists but as a unitary...
To continue reading
Request your trial
-
Andrews v. State, 1-1185A295
...rights, each of which can be exercised only to the extent that such does not encroach upon or erode the others. Cunningham v. State (1973), 261 Ind. 256, 258, 301 N.E.2d 638, 640, quoting Campbell v. State (1971), 256 Ind. 630, 633, 271 N.E.2d 463, "The States, within the limitations impose......
-
Prophet v. Duckworth, 78-1145
...States v. Randall, 164 F.2d 284 (7th Cir. 1947), Cert. denied, 333 U.S. 856, 68 S.Ct. 729, 92 L.Ed. 1136 (1948); Cunningham v. State, 261 Ind. 256, 301 N.E.2d 638 (1973). ...