Curlee v. Johnson

• Decision Date: 16 April 2021
• Docket Number: No. 238A20,238A20
• Citation: 856 S.E.2d 478,377 N.C. 97
• Parties: Ricky CURLEE, a minor, BY AND THROUGH his Guardian ad Litem, Karina BECERRA, and Karina Becerra, Individually v. John C. JOHNSON, III, Raymond Craven, and Stacey Talado
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court

377 N.C. 97

856 S.E.2d 478

Ricky CURLEE, a minor, BY AND THROUGH his Guardian ad Litem, Karina BECERRA, and Karina Becerra, Individually

v.John C. JOHNSON, III, Raymond Craven, and Stacey Talado

No. 238A20

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

Filed April 16, 2021

The Law Office of Michael D. Maurer, P.A., Raleigh, by Michael D. Maurer, and Burton Law Firm, PLLC, by Jason Burton, for plaintiff-appellants.

Simpson Law, PLLC, by George L. Simpson, IV, and Denaa J. Griffin, Raleigh, for defendant-appellee John C. Johnson, III.

NEWBY, Chief Justice.

¶ 1 In this case we decide whether a landlord is liable for harm caused by his tenants’ dog. A landlord owes no duty of care to third parties harmed by a tenant's animal unless, prior to the harm, the landlord (1) knew the animal posed a danger and (2) retained sufficient control to remove the animal from the premises. The landlord here had no knowledge that his tenants’ dog posed a danger to visitors. As such, he is not liable for plaintiff's injuries. The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.

¶ 2 Defendants Raymond Craven and Stacie Talada¹ (collectively, tenants) rented a single-family residential property from defendant John C. Johnson III (landlord). Tenants lived at the property with their children and their dog, Johnny. On 13 October 2014, a minor, P.K., visited the property to play with tenants’ children. While all of the children were wrestling and playing with Johnny, the top of P.K.’s head collided with Johnny's mouth, causing "a little nick ... about the size of [a] pinkie nail."

¶ 3 Chad Massengill, director of Johnston County Animal Services (JCAS), investigated the P.K. incident and characterized it as "a minor bite." Massengill concluded that Johnny did not satisfy the definition of either a "dangerous dog" or a "potentially dangerous dog" under N.C.G.S. § 67-4.1 (2019). Though not required by JCAS, tenants purchased three "Beware of Dog" signs and placed Johnny on a chain when children would come to play on the property.

¶ 4 Seven-year-old plaintiff Ricky Curlee Jr. lived with his parents, Karina Becerra and Ricky Curlee Sr., in a house near the end of tenants’ driveway. On 17 March 2015, plaintiff visited the property to play with tenants’ children. When it came time for plaintiff to return home, he walked inside the radius of Johnny's chain, and Johnny bit plaintiff's face, causing severe injuries.

¶ 5 Plaintiff, by and through his guardian ad litem , Becerra, and Becerra, individually, filed a complaint against tenants and landlord to recover for plaintiff's injuries.² When tenants, proceeding pro se , failed to file answers to the complaint, the Johnston County Clerk of Court entered a default judgment against them.³ Despite the entry of default, Talada⁴ provided the following unsworn, handwritten answers to plaintiff's requests for admission (RFAs):

9. Please admit that you owned a pit bull mix named Johnny which you kept on the property you leased at 132 Gower Circle ("the property").

RESPONSE: never owned a pit bull

10. Please admit that this pit bull attacked ("the attack") and injured a child ("the child") on or about October 13, 2014 on the property.

RESPONSE: never owned a pit bull

....

12. Please admit that you informed [landlord] of the attack, shortly after the attack.

RESPONSE: yes

¶ 6 Talada, however, provided sworn testimony that refuted her unsworn, pro se answer in RFA 12. During Talada's deposition on 5 April 2017, landlord's counsel asked, "prior to [the 17 March 2015 bite], did you ever tell [landlord] about the incident with [P.K.]?" Talada responded, "[n]o, I did not." In another deposition on 7 August 2018, Talada stated "I never informed [landlord] of [the P.K. incident]." Further, all other relevant materials of record indicate that tenants did not inform landlord of the P.K. incident prior to the 17 March 2015 bite. In his deposition on 26 July 2018, Craven provided the following testimony:

[LANDLORD'S COUNSEL:] When this incident occurred with [P.K.], did you call [landlord] and alert him to the situation?

[CRAVEN:] No, I didn't.

[LANDLORD'S COUNSEL:] Are you aware of whether or not anyone else notified [landlord] about this incident?

[CRAVEN:] No, I'm not.

Landlord provided the following testimony during his deposition:

[PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL:] How did you come to learn about [the 17 March 2015 bite] from the get go?

[LANDLORD:] I first learned there was an incident when I had been on vacation, I don't remember even where it was, I had gotten back and [Talada] had either texted me or called me and said she had the rent. This was sometime a week or two after the [17 March 2015 bite]. When I went to get the rent she said oh, by the way there was an incident, a dog bite, it has been taken care of. That was her exact words.

....

[LANDLORD'S COUNSEL:] Were you aware at the time of the [17 March 2015] bite incident of any prior problems with any dogs owned by [tenants]?

....

[LANDLORD:] There has never been an incident to my knowledge, anything.

¶ 7 Plaintiff's parents could not produce any evidence showing that landlord had been informed of the P.K. incident prior to the 17 March 2015 bite. Specifically, Becerra admitted that she did not have "any information or evidence to suggest [landlord] was notified by the sheriff or by Animal Control or by anybody else about the [P.K. incident]." Additionally, Curlee Sr. admitted that he had "no proof or evidence that [landlord] knew about the [P.K. incident]."

¶ 8 Landlord moved for summary judgment, arguing that he did not breach any duty owed to plaintiff. The trial court decided that there was no genuine issue of material fact and thus granted summary judgment in landlord's favor.

¶ 9 A divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed. Curlee v. Johnson , 270 N.C. App. 657, 666, 842 S.E.2d 604, 611 (2020). The Court of Appeals cited the following rule:

In order to hold a landlord liable for injuries caused by a tenant's dog to a visitor, "a plaintiff must specifically establish both (1) that the landlord had knowledge that a tenant's dog posed a danger; and (2) that the landlord had control over the dangerous dog's presence on the property in order to be held liable for the dog attacking a third party."

Id. at 661, 842 S.E.2d at 608 (quoting Stephens v. Covington , 232 N.C. App. 497, 500, 754 S.E.2d 253, 255 (2014) (citing Holcomb v. Colonial Assocs., L.L.C. , 358 N.C. 501, 504, 508, 597 S.E.2d 710, 712–13, 715 (2004) )). The Court of Appeals reasoned that "within this context, ‘posed a danger’ is not a generalized or amorphous standard, but ties directly back to our common-law standard for liability in dog-attack cases: ‘that the landlord had knowledge of the dogs’ previous attacks and dangerous propensities.’ " Curlee , 270 N.C. App. at 661, 842 S.E.2d at 608 (quoting Stephens , 232 N.C. App. at 500, 754 S.E.2d at 255 (citing Holcomb , 358 N.C. at 504, 597 S.E.2d at 712–13 )). The Court of Appeals held

[a] review of the admissible evidence presented at the motion hearing and before this Court points merely to [landlord's] knowledge that his tenants owned a dog, while they were staying on the [p]roperty. A refuted, unsworn, pro se and inadmissible statement does not create a genuine issue of material fact.

Curlee , 270 N.C. App. at 665, 842 S.E.2d at 610. As such, the Court of Appeals concluded that plaintiff failed to present "a genuine issue of material fact admissible at trial to satisfy the first prong of Stephens to prove ‘the landlord had knowledge that a tenant's dog posed a danger.’ " Id. (quoting Stephens , 232 N.C. App. at 500, 754 S.E.2d at 255 ).

¶ 10 The dissent, however, asserted that landlord would not be entitled to summary judgment because a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether landlord knew Johnny posed a danger. Curlee , 270 N.C. App. at 674, 842 S.E.2d at 615 (Brook, J., dissenting). In addition to addressing landlord's knowledge, the dissent would have reached the control element. Specifically, the dissent opined that "[landlord] has not met his burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists regarding his control over [tenants’] dog." Id. at 673, 842 S.E.2d at 615. Plaintiff appealed to this Court based upon the dissenting opinion at the Court of Appeals.

¶ 11 Summary judgment is proper if "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2019). "A genuine issue of material fact ‘is one that can be maintained by substantial evidence.’ " Ussery v. Branch Banking & Tr. Co. , 368 N.C. 325, 335, 777 S.E.2d 272, 278 (2015) (quoting Dobson v. Harris , 352 N.C. 77, 83, 530 S.E.2d 829, 835 (2000) ). " ‘Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion’ and means ‘more than a scintilla or a permissible inference.’ " Ussery , 368 N.C. at 335, 777 S.E.2d at 278–79 (citation omitted) (quoting Thompson v. Wake Cty. Bd. of Educ. , 292 N.C. 406, 414, 233 S.E.2d 538, 544 (1977) ). "The summary judgment standard requires the trial court to construe evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Draughon v. Evening Star Holiness Church of Dunn , 374 N.C. 479, 482, 843 S.E.2d 72, 76 (2020). In a premises liability action, however, summary judgment for the defendant is proper when "the pleadings, affidavits, and other materials of record fail to establish that [the defendant] owed [the] plaintiff a legal duty ...." Collingwood v. Gen. Elec. Real Estate Equities, Inc. , 324 N.C. 63, 67, 376 S.E.2d 425, 427 (1989).

¶ 12 To prevail on an ordinary negligence claim, a plaintiff must present sufficient evidence to prove

(1) that there has been a failure to exercise proper care in the performance of some legal duty which [the] defendant owed to [the] plaintiff under the circumstances in which they were placed; and (2) that such negligent breach of duty was a proximate cause of the injury.

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