Davis v. State

• Decision Date: 27 February 1991
• Docket Number: No. CA,CA
• Citation: 33 Ark.App. 198,804 S.W.2d 373
• Parties: Charles W. DAVIS, Appellant, v. STATE of Arkansas, Appellee. CR 90-118.
• Court: Arkansas Court of Appeals

Page 373

804 S.W.2d 373

33 Ark.App. 198

Charles W. DAVIS, Appellant, v. STATE of Arkansas, Appellee.

No. CA CR 90-118.

Court of Appeals of Arkansas,

Division I.

Feb. 27, 1991.

Murrey L. Grider, Pocahontas, for appellant.

J. Brent Standridge, Asst. Atty. Gen., Little Rock, for appellee.

ROGERS, Judge.

The appellant, Charles W. Davis, appeals his conviction of possession of a controlled substance (cocaine), a violation of Ark.Code Ann. § 5-64-401 (1987) and a class C felony, for which he was sentenced to three years in prison. Appellant raises three issues for reversal: (1) that the trial court erred in directing a verdict in favor of the state; (2) that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss; and (3) that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to suppress evidence obtained in an unlawful search of his person. We find merit in the first issue raised, and reverse and remand.

This case comes to us from an unusual procedural standpoint. During his opening statement, counsel for the appellant remarked:

There was this alleged cocaine that was found, it was .05 grams ... And when brought to the station, you know he [appellant] admitted, I mean he made the statement that they claim he did.

After counsel had completed his opening statement, the trial court removed the jury from the courtroom and a discussion between court and counsel ensued, during which the trial court determined that counsel's comments constituted a judicial confession. Based on this conclusion, the trial court granted the state's motion for a directed verdict on the issue of guilt, and after a brief recess, the jury heard testimony only with regard to the sentence to be imposed. The trial court also granted the state's motion to dismiss the charge of possession of marijuana for which appellant was also being tried.

As his first issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred in directing a verdict of guilt. We agree.

In misdemeanor cases, where the punishment is by fine only, the trial judge does have the power to direct a verdict of guilt where the facts are undisputed and where guilt from all the evidence is the only inference that can be drawn. See Taylor v. City of Pine Bluff, 226 Ark. 309, 289 S.W.2d 679 (1956); Collins v. State, 183 Ark. 425, 36 S.W.2d 75 (1931); Huff v. State, 164 Ark. 211, 261 S.W. 654 (1924). It is firmly established, however, under Arkansas law and the Federal Constitution, that a trial court has no authority to direct a verdict in favor of the state in a felony prosecution. Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 92 L.Ed.2d 460 (1986); United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 U.S. 564, 97 S.Ct. 1349, 51 L.Ed.2d 642 (1977); McKeown v. State, 197 Ark. 454, 124 S.W.2d 19 (1939); State v. Mills, 160 Ark. 194, 254 S.W. 468 (1923); Burton v. State, 135 Ark. 164, 203 S.W. 1023 (1918); Snead v. State, 134 Ark. 303, 203 S.W. 703 (1918); Wylie v. State, 131 Ark. 572, 199 S.W. 905 (1917); Parker v. State, 130 Ark. 234, 197 S.W. 283 (1917); Roberts v. State, 84 Ark. 564, 106 S.W. 952 (1907). As stated by the supreme court in Roberts v. State, supra: "The judge is incompetent to convict one of a crime, even though he acknowledge it, except on a plea of guilty. The evidence is exclusively for the jury." In Parker v. State, supra, the supreme court spoke on this question as follows:

Whatever may be the rule in relation to misdemeanors, the weight of authority is overwhelming to the effect that in a prosecution for felony where a plea of not guilty is interposed, it is not permissible for the court to direct a verdict of guilty or to pass on any question of fact unfavorable to the defendant. This is true even though the incriminating evidence is uncontradicted or conclusive.

Id. 130 Ark. at 239, 197 S.W. at 285 (quoting Shipp v. State, 128 Tenn. 499, 161 S.W. 1017 (1913)).

The reason behind this rule lies in the right to a jury trial, which is denied when a trial court directs a verdict against a defendant. See Rose v. Clark, supra; Parker v. State, supra. ¹ It has been said that it is within the power of a jury to disregard the evidence and acquit persons whom the evidence show to be guilty, Clark v. State, 169 Ark. 717, 276 S.W. 849 (1925), and that it is within the province of the jury to disbelieve the witnesses for the state. Parker v. State, supra.

In its brief, the state cites authority regarding the conclusive effect of a judicial confession, and also argues that counsel's statement, as a judicial confession is the "functional equivalent" of a guilty plea, whereby the appellant forfeited his right to a jury trial. We need not decide these questions for the basic reason that we do not believe counsel's remarks constituted a confession. A statement amounts to a confession only if there is an admission of guilt as to the commission of a criminal act. Snyder v. City of DeWitt, 15 Ark.App. 277, 692 S.W.2d 273 (1985). See also Bishop v. State, 294 Ark. 303, 742 S.W.2d 911 (1988); Workman v. State, 267 Ark. 103, 589 S.W.2d 20 (1979). As argued by the appellant, the record reveals that appellant's counsel was responding to comments made by the state in its opening statement, regarding the evidence that was to be introduced at trial, and the "admissions" of counsel went only to what the evidence against the appellant might be. Furthermore, counsel later reminded the jury that the burden of proof was on the state to prove the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. We believe that counsel's remarks, when viewed in their entirety, fall short of admitting the commission of a criminal act, and thus was not a judicial confession. In sum, we hold that the trial court erred in directing a verdict against the appellant, not only because the trial court clearly has no power to do so, but also because we do not view counsel's statement as a judicial confession.

As his next argument, appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to dismiss. This motion was made after the trial court had ruled that a judicial confession had been made and after the verdict had been directed. In support of his motion, appellant argued that there was a failure of proof in that there was no evidence in the record corroborating the confession upon which the trial court had based its decision.

Arkansas Code Annotated § 16-89-111(d) (1987) provides that a confession of a defendant, unless made in open court, will not warrant a conviction, unless accompanied with other proof that the offense was committed. The trial court overruled appellant's motion on the ground that appellant had judicially confessed in open court, which under the statute requires no corroboration. We note that the statute also implies and it has been held that such a confession is sufficient to sustain a conviction. See Skaggs v. State, 88 Ark. 62, 113 S.W. 346 (1908). However, this was not a judicial confession. And, statements and argument of counsel are not evidence. Burkett v. State, 32 Ark.App. 60, 796 S.W.2d 355 (1990).

In addressing this argument, we are not unaware of the attendant double jeopardy considerations. In Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978), the Supreme Court held that retrial, following an appellate reversal for insufficient evidence, is prohibited by the Double Jeopardy Clause. The Court noted, however, the distinction between reversal for evidentiary insufficiency and "trial error," holding that for the purposes of double jeopardy, the latter does not bar retrial for the same offense. See also, Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 109 S.Ct. 285, 102 L.Ed.2d 265 (1988). The Court in Burks explained:

In short, reversal for trial error, as distinguished from evidentiary insufficiency, does not constitute a decision to the effect that the government failed to prove its case. As such, it implies nothing with respect to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Rather, it is a determination that a defendant has been convicted through a judicial process which is defective in some fundamental respect, e.g. incorrect receipt or rejection of evidence, incorrect instructions, or prosecutorial misconduct. When this occurs, the accused has a strong interest in obtaining a readjudication of his guilt free from error, just as society maintains a valid concern for insuring that the guilty are punished.

Burks, 437 U.S. at 15, 98 S.Ct. at 2149.

We believe...