Dyer v. Trachtman

• Decision Date: 05 May 2004
• Docket Number: Docket No. 123590, Calendar No. 11.
• Citation: 679 N.W.2d 311,470 Mich. 45
• Parties: Marquis DYER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edward P. TRACHTMAN, D.O., Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Michigan Supreme Court

679 N.W.2d 311

470 Mich. 45

Marquis DYER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edward P. TRACHTMAN, D.O., Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 123590, Calendar No. 11.

Supreme Court of Michigan.

Argued January 14, 2004.

Decided May 5, 2004.

Robert J. Dinges, Detroit, for the plaintiff.

Rutledge, Manion, Rabaut, Terry & Thomas, P.C. (by Paul J. Manion and Amy E. Schlotterer), Detroit, for the defendant.

Martin L. Critchell, Detroit, for amicus curiae the Michigan Self-Insurers' Association.

Opinion

MARILYN J. KELLY, J.

In this case, plaintiff alleges that the defendant physician negligently injured him while performing an independent medical examination. The issue is whether plaintiff has a cause of action in ordinary negligence or in medical malpractice.

The Court of Appeals concluded that the cause is grounded in ordinary negligence. We disagree and conclude that it sounds in medical malpractice. Therefore, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals, reinstate plaintiff's medical malpractice claim, and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings.

I. Facts

Plaintiff alleged in an unrelated civil complaint that he injured his left knee and right shoulder during a physical altercation. Following the injury, he underwent surgery to repair a tear in the superior labrum of his right shoulder. During the course of discovery in the civil action, the opposing party engaged defendant Edward Trachtman, D.O., to perform an independent medical examination (IME) of plaintiff.

Before the examination, plaintiff asserted, he told defendant that surgery had been performed recently on his shoulder.¹ He also informed defendant that plaintiff's surgeon had placed restrictions on the movement of plaintiff's right arm and shoulder. Among these restrictions was a caution to plaintiff to avoid lifting the arm above forty-five degrees.

During the course of the examination, it is alleged, defendant nonetheless forcefully rotated plaintiff's right arm and shoulder ninety degrees, detaching the labrum from the right shoulder. This required plaintiff to undergo surgery to repair the new damage.

Plaintiff's original complaint against defendant alleged medical malpractice, among other claims. Defendant moved for summary disposition and argued that the IME did not give rise to a physician-patient relationship between plaintiff and defendant. Defendant also argued that the complaint's remaining counts were nothing more than restatements of the malpractice claim.

Plaintiff moved to amend the complaint to raise additional claims, including ordinary negligence. The trial court agreed with defendant that no physician-patient relationship had been created and held that a claim of medical malpractice could not be brought. Accordingly, it granted defendant's motion. In addition, it denied plaintiff's motion to amend the complaint, concluding that amendment would be futile. Any count sounding in negligence against the physician, it reasoned, would be a claim of medical malpractice that would require a physician-patient relationship.

On appeal, the Court of Appeals agreed with the trial court that the absence of a physician-patient relationship was fatal to plaintiff's malpractice claim. 255 Mich.App. 659, 662-663, 662 N.W.2d 60 (2003). However, the court then determined that, without a physician-patient relationship, plaintiff could still maintain a claim in ordinary negligence. Id., at 663-664, 662 N.W.2d 60. It remanded the case to allow plaintiff to amend his complaint. In so doing, the Court of Appeals recognized that a determination whether negligence had occurred might require testimony about what a reasonable physician might have done during a similar IME. Id., at 666 n. 6, 662 N.W.2d 60.

We granted leave to appeal to consider the following questions: (1) whether a physician may be held liable for ordinary negligence in the performance of an IME; (2) if so, whether expert testimony may be used to establish the physician's duty in performing the IME; and (3) whether an IME physician might have some limited professional duty, short of the duty that would arise if a traditional physician-patient relationship existed, that could support a claim for medical malpractice. 468 Mich. 943, 664 N.W.2d 221 (2003).

II. Standard of Review

Whether a defendant owes any duty to a plaintiff to avoid negligent conduct is a question of law for the court to resolve. Simko v. Blake, 448 Mich. 648, 655, 532 N.W.2d 842 (1995). "In determining whether to impose a duty, this Court evaluates factors such as: the relationship of the parties, the foreseeability of the harm, the burden on the defendant, and the nature of the risk presented." Murdock v. Higgins, 454 Mich. 46, 53, 559 N.W.2d 639 (1997), citing Buczkowski v. McKay, 441 Mich. 96, 100, 490 N.W.2d 330 (1992). Thus, a duty arises out of the existence of a relationship "between the parties of such a character that social policy justifies" its imposition. Prosser & Keeton, Torts (5th ed.), § 56, p. 374. See also, Buczkowski, supra, at 100-101, 490 N.W.2d 330.

III. Physician-Patient Relationship

The Court of Appeals correctly recognized that this Court has not yet directly determined what, if any, relationship should be recognized between a physician performing an IME and an examinee.² Having reviewed persuasive authority from other courts, we conclude that an IME physician has a limited physician-patient relationship with the examinee that gives rise to limited duties to exercise professional care.

We agree with the decisions of other courts and of our own Court of Appeals³ that the relationship is not the traditional one. It is a limited relationship. It does not involve the full panoply of the physician's typical responsibilities to diagnose and treat the examinee for medical conditions. The IME physician, acting at the behest of a third party, is not liable to the examinee for damages resulting from the conclusions the physician reaches or reports. The limited relationship that we recognize imposes a duty on the IME physician to perform the examination in a manner not to cause physical harm to the examinee.

As correctly noted by the Court of Appeals, the duty of care in a medical malpractice action has its basis in the relationship between the physician and the patient. See Dorris v. Detroit Osteopathic Hosp. Corp., 460 Mich. 26, 45, 594 N.W.2d 455 (1999), citing Bronson v. Sisters of Mercy Health Corp., 175 Mich.App. 647, 652, 438 N.W.2d 276 (1989). See also anno: Physician's duties and liabilities to person examined pursuant to physician's contract with such person's prospective or actual employer or insurer, 10 A.L.R.3d 1071; Greenberg v. Perkins, 845 P.2d 530, 534 (Colo., 1993). The Court of Appeals relied on its earlier case law and cases from other jurisdictions to hold: "In an IME context, there is no physician-patient relationship and there can be no liability for professional negligence or medical malpractice." Dyer v. Trachtman, 255 Mich.App. 659, 662, 662 N.W.2d 60 (Mich.App.2003), citing Rogers v. Horvath, 65 Mich.App. 644, 647, 237 N.W.2d 595 (1975). See also 255 Mich.App. at 662 n. 3, 662 N.W.2d 60.

A majority of courts recognizes that a traditional physician-patient relationship does not exist in the context of an IME setting. However, a growing number find that the relationship does exist in some form. Moreover, they conclude that it gives rise to particular professional duties owed by the examining physician. See e.g., Greenberg, 845 P.2d at 534-535; Stanley v. McCarver, 204 Ariz. 339, 341-342, 63 P.3d 1076 (2003); Reed v. Bojarski, 166 N.J. 89, 95-99, 764 A.2d 433 (2001); 10 A.L.R.3d 1071.

As aptly noted in Greenberg, the cases considering malpractice liability in an IME setting "are remarkable for the diversity of their analyses." Greenberg, 845 P.2d at 535. The majority of jurisdictions has recognized that there is no traditional physician-patient relationship in an IME setting that would create a duty to properly diagnose or treat abnormalities or conditions. See 10 A.L.R.3d 1071; Hafner v. Beck, 185 Ariz. 389, 391, 916 P.2d 1105 (Ariz.App., 1995); Felton v. Schaeffer, 229 Cal.App.3d 229, 238-239, 279 Cal.Rptr. 713 (1991); LoDico v. Caputi, 129 A.D.2d 361, 362-364, 517 N.Y.S.2d 640 (1987); Ervin v. American Guardian Life Assurance Co., 376 Pa.Super. 132, 135-136, 545 A.2d 354 (1988); Martinez v. Lewis, 969 P.2d 213, 219 (Colo., 1998).

This seems appropriate. In the particularized setting of an IME, the physician's goal is to gather information for the examinee or a third party for use in employment or related financial decisions. It is not to provide a diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions.

In addition, the IME physician often examines the patient under circumstances that are adversarial, such as in the instant case. Thus, if the duties that arise in a regular physician-patient relationship were imposed on the IME physician, an unacceptable risk would exist. The examinee, disagreeing with the diagnosis, could sue and recover from the IME physician. Some courts have explicitly recognized this risk. As stated in Hafner, 185 Ariz. at 391-392, 916 P.2d 1105:

If an IME practitioner's evaluations, opinions, and reports could lead not only to vehement disagreement with and vigorous cross-examination of the practitioner in the claims or litigation process, but also to his or her potential liability for negligence, the resulting chilling effect could be severe. To permit such an action by expanding the concept of duty in this type of case would be, at best, illadvised. At worst, the fears expressed in Davis v. Tirrell, 110 Misc.2d 889, 895-96, 443 N.Y.S.2d 136, 140 (Sup.Ct., 1981) may be realized:

"To permit such an action would make it impossible to find any expert witness willing to risk a lawsuit based on his testimony as to his opinions and conclusions before any tribunal. And such cause of action if permitted would lead to an endless stream of

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