Ex parte Matthews

• Decision Date: 07 February 1992
• Citation: 601 So.2d 52
• Parties: Ex parte Corey D. MATTHEWS. (Re Corey D. Matthews v. State). 1901837.
• Court: Alabama Supreme Court

Page 52

601 So.2d 52

Ex parte Corey D. MATTHEWS.

(Re Corey D. Matthews v. State).

1901837.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

Feb. 7, 1992.

Charles A. Short of Jones & Short, P.C., and C. Grant Baldwin of Powell & Baldwin, Andalusia, for appellant.

James H. Evans, Atty. Gen., and James B. Prude, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

MADDOX, Justice.

Corey Matthews pleaded guilty to robbery, burglary, and theft of property. Before pleading guilty, Matthews moved to suppress certain incriminating statements that he made to police officers and an investigator for the district attorney's office. At the suppression hearing, the record shows that the following statements were made to Matthews before he made his incriminating statements:

1) "There's a possibility that being an accomplice and not actually doing the deed, you might get boot camp."

2) "Let me explain something to you, I'm not the investigator for this department, I'm the investigator for the district attorney. I can go back and tell the district attorney, Corey Matthews cooperated with me or I can go back and tell the district attorney that Corey Matthews did not cooperate with me. That's right, I have that option Corey."

3) "We might cut you a deal."

4) "You've got an opportunity right here ... to tell us what you know. Corey, it could make a lot of difference for you."

5) "You know there's two ways to go about things, either you go about it and you don't cooperate and the judge knows that you didn't and the district attorney knows you didn't or you turn around and you did cooperate, you know."

The trial court denied the motion and Matthews pleaded guilty, reserving his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress the incriminating statements. Matthews appealed to the Court of Criminal Appeals, claiming that the incriminating statements that he made to the officers and the investigator were involuntary and inadmissible because, he argued, he had made them under the impression that the State would go easy on him if he confessed or hard on him if he did not. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed, with an unpublished memorandum, 586 So.2d 306, and later denied Matthews's application for rehearing. 587 So.2d 1114. We granted certiorari review and we reverse the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals, concluding that the statements were involuntary and, therefore, inadmissible.

It is well settled in this Court that "[e]xtrajudicial confessions are prima facie involuntary and inadmissible, and [that] the burden is on the State to prove that the confession was made voluntarily." Ex parte Callahan, 471 So.2d 463, 464 (Ala.1985). See Ex parte Weeks, 531 So.2d 643 (Ala.1988). [A confession is merely an incriminating statement and the law concerning the admissibility of one applies equally to the other.] This court stated in Wallace v. State, 290 Ala. 201, 204, 275 So.2d 634, 636 (1973):

"[A]ll extrajudicial confessions are presumed to be involuntary and, therefore, are prima facie inadmissible with the onus resting on the prosecution to repel the imputation of undue influence unless the attending circumstances affirmatively disclose the voluntariness of the confession. Any inducement of profit or benefit held out; any hope engineered or encouraged that the prisoner's case will be lightened, meliorated, or more favorably dealt with if he will confess; either of these is enough to exclude the confession thereby superinduced. Any words spoken in the hearing of the prisoner which may, in their nature, generate fear or hope render it not only proper but necessary that a confession made within a reasonable time afterwards shall be excluded, unless it is shown by clear and full proof that the confession was voluntarily made after all trace of hope or fear had been fully withdrawn or explained away and the mind of the prisoner made as free from fear, intimidation or hope for reward as if no attempt had ever been made to obtain such a confession."

The reasoning behind the exclusion of confessions obtained by the promise of a reward or by a threat was stated in Luttrell v. State, 551 So.2d 1126 (Ala.Cr.App.1989), as follows:

" 'The abhorrence of society to the use of involuntary confessions does not turn alone on their inherent untrustworthiness. It also turns on the deep-rooted feeling that the police must obey the law while enforcing the law; that in the end life and liberty can be as much endangered from illegal methods used to convict those thought to be criminals as from the actual criminals themselves.' "

551 So.2d at 1128, quoting Ex parte McCary, 528 So.2d 1133, 1135 (Ala.1988).

Matthews and the officers gave conflicting accounts concerning Matthews's motivation to make the incriminating statements. The State argues that Matthews decided to make the statements only after he was told that his alibi witnesses did not confirm his alibi; however, Matthews argues that he decided to make the incriminating statements after the officers suggested that to do so would be to his benefit. When there is conflicting evidence of the circumstances surrounding an incriminating statement or a confession, it is the duty of the trial judge to determine its admissibility, and if the trial judge decides it is admissible his decision will not be disturbed on appeal "unless found to be manifestly contrary to the great weight of the evidence." Williams v. State, 456 So.2d 852, 855 (Ala.Crim.App.1984).

" 'The true test of voluntariness of extra-judicial confessions is whether, under all surrounding circumstances, they have been induced by a threat or a promise, express or implied, operating to produce in the mind of the prisoner apprehension of harm or hope of favor; and if so, whether true or false, such confessions must be excluded from the consideration of the jury as having been procured by undue influence.' "

Ex parte Weeks, 531 So.2d at 644, quoting Womack v. State, 281 Ala. 499, 205 So.2d 579 (1967).

In Wallace, an officer promised the defendant that if he told the truth the officer would discuss his cooperation with the probation officer. This Court found that this statement alone was not enough to render the defendant's statement involuntary. "The statement was neither an express nor implied promise of reward if appellant admitted his guilt.... [The officer's] remarks were no stronger than to convey the idea to appellant that it would be best or better to tell the truth if he made a statement." Wallace, 290 Ala. at 206, 275 So.2d at 638. However, the question concerning the voluntariness of a defendant's statement must be decided by reviewing the "totality of the circumstances." Luttrell v. State, 551 So.2d at 1129 (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2048, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973); United States v. Recalde, 761 F.2d 1448, 1453 (10th Cir.1985)).

The State argues that Matthews consented to make a statement. The Court of Criminal Appeals in Luttrell noted that there are three...