Frame v. State

• Decision Date: 20 May 1981
• Docket Number: No. 2,No. 66779,66779,2
• Citation: 615 S.W.2d 766
• Parties: James Thomas FRAME, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee
• Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 766

615 S.W.2d 766

James Thomas FRAME, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 66779.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, Panel No. 2.

May 20, 1981.

Robert C. Roe, Jr., Fort Worth, for appellant.

Tim Curry, Dist. Atty., C. Chris Marshall, James J. Heinemann, J. Michael Worley and Howard Borg, Asst. Dist. Attys., Fort Worth, Robert Huttash, State's Atty., Austin, for the State.

Before DALLY, W. C. DAVIS and CLINTON, JJ.

OPINION

CLINTON, Judge.

This appeal is taken from a conviction for the offense of burglary of a habitation. The record reflects that after a jury had been impaneled, and the State had presented its case in chief and rested, appellant chose to withdraw his plea of not guilty. He was admonished out of the presence of the jury, and then entered his plea of guilty in open court. ¹ Subsequently the jury returned a verdict of guilty, and then assessed punishment at thirty five years imprisonment after appellant pleaded "true" to the allegation of a prior conviction.

In his sole ground of error appellant contends that the trial court erred when the judge excused venireman Johnson because he had been previously convicted of theft. Therefore a recitation of the facts is not necessary to our disposition of this case.

After the voir dire examination had been completed, but before the exercise of any peremptory challenges by either the State or appellant, Mr. Johnson approached the judge and the following exchange occurred outside the presence of the remainder of the prospective jury panel:

"THE COURT: Mr. Johnson, you have called a matter to my attention, and I want to question you a little further about it.

You told me that you were thirteen or fourteen years of age when you were convicted?

JUROR JOHNSON: Yes ...

THE COURT: Were you actually in a Court?

JUROR JOHNSON: No, not really a Court involved. It was corporation Court in North Richland Hills.

THE COURT: And it was less than five dollars?

JUROR JOHNSON: Yes, sir.

THE COURT: And they found you guilty of theft of less than five dollars?

JUROR JOHNSON: Yes, sir.

THE COURT: How old are you now?

JUROR JOHNSON: Thirty-three.

THE COURT: That was back when you were thirteen?

JUROR JOHNSON: Yes, sir. I don't remember the exact age, but it was thirteen or fourteen years old.

THE COURT: Does either side have any questions they want to ask him?

(THE STATE): Were you required to pay a fine?

JUROR JOHNSON: Yes.

THE COURT: Do you remember what it was?

JUROR JOHNSON: Fifty dollars I believe it was fifty dollars.

THE COURT: You went before the Judge?

JUROR JOHNSON: Yes, sir.

(DEFENSE): Do you know what the Judge's name was?

JUROR JOHNSON: No, I don't remember his name at all.

THE COURT: Do you have any objection to excusing him? Do you have any objection to my excusing him?

(DEFENSE): Yes, Your Honor, we do. I think he is a qualified juror under the law.

(THE STATE): I think under the law he is disqualified. He testified he was not sure how old he was when he was convicted of misdeamor (sic) theft in a Court in this State, and I don't see how the Court could allow him to sit.

(Discussion off the record.)

THE COURT: The Court is going to excuse Juror Frank Alton Johnson for the reason that the juror has told me that sometime in his past, probably as a juvenile, that he was convicted of theft under five dollars in a Municipal Court, and out of an abundance of caution, and because of Johnson vs. State, 1935 case, 84 S.W.2d 240 by the Court of Criminal Appeals, there might be some risk involved of me leaving this particular juror on the jury panel, and he might be disqualified under Article 35.12 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 35.12.

(DEFENSE): Please not (sic) our exception to the Court's ruling. We feel like the juror, by his own testimony, was qualified under the laws of the State of Texas, and we object to the Court discharging him.

THE COURT: All right. You may tell the juror that he is excused."

Thus the trial court sua sponte excused this venireperson over the timely objection by appellant. It appears that the trial judge acted in reliance upon the holding in Johnson v. State, 129 Tex.Cr.R. 162, 84 S.W.2d 240, 241-242 (1935) wherein this Court wrote "We observe that final conviction for theft is expressly named in subdivision 3 of article 616, C.C.P., as ground for challenge for cause of a proffered juror, and that article 619, id., makes the fact of conviction for theft an absolute bar to the qualification of one who has been so convicted. In such case the incompetence of the juror cannot be waived, and the judgment and conviction would be void, and relief therefrom might be brought about by habeas corpus..."

Article 35.19, V.A.C.C.P. entitled "Absolute Disqualification" provides that:

"No juror shall be impaneled when it appears that he is subject to the second ... cause of challenge in Article 35.16, though both parties may consent."

Article 35.16, V.A.C.C.P. states:

"... A challenge for cause may be made by either the state or the defense for any of the following reasons:

(2) That he has been convicted of theft or any felony."

Appellant has presented us with a question of first impression. Thus our inquiry must begin with a review of the applicable case law. In Esquivel v. State, 595 S.W.2d 516, 524 (Tex.Cr.App.1980) the Court reiterated the well settled rule that:

"A trial court should not on its own motion excuse a prospective juror for cause unless he is absolutely disqualified from serving on a jury." ²

This rule is also stated in Sanne v. State, 609 S.W.2d 762, 770 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Bodde v. State, 568 S.W.2d 344, 349 (Tex.Cr.App.1978); Valore v. State, 545 S.W.2d 477 (Tex.Cr.App.1977); Moore v. State, 542 S.W.2d 664 (Tex.Cr.App.1976); Pearce v. State, 513 S.W.2d 539 (Tex.Cr.App.1974) and Henriksen v. State, 500 S.W.2d 491 (Tex.Cr.App.1973).

Logically the next question is whether venireman Johnson was "absolutely disqualified" within the meaning of Articles 35.19 and 35.16, supra, as having "been convicted of theft." In Hooper v. State, 126 Tex.Cr.R. 118, 70 S.W.2d 431, at 431 (1934) the Court held that:

"The challenge is not confined to felony theft, but is broad enough to include and comprehend within its meaning any misdemeanor theft."

A conviction for misdemeanor theft is sufficient to constitute an absolute disqualification.

Venireman Johnson was "thirteen or fourteen" at the time of his conviction for misdemeanor theft. The present statute, Vernon's Ann.Civ.Stat., Family Code § 54.02, provides that:

"(a) The juvenile court may waive its exclusive original jurisdiction and transfer a child to the appropriate district court or criminal district court for criminal proceedings if:

(1) the child is alleged to have violated a penal law of the grade of felony;

(2) the child was 15 years of age or older at the time he is alleged to have committed the offense and no adjudication hearing has been conducted concerning that offense; and

(g) If the juvenile court retains jurisdiction, the child is not subject to criminal prosecution at any time for any offense alleged in the petition..."

However, since Mr. Johnson would have been convicted approximately twenty years ago, the law applicable at the time of the offense was contained in Article 2338-1, § 3, Vernon's Ann.Civ.Stat. as follows:

"The term 'delinquent child' means any female person over the age of ten (10) years and under the age of eighteen (18) years and any male person over the age of ten (10) years and under the age of seventeen (17) years:

(a) who violates any penal law of this state of the grade of felony (b) or who violates any penal law of this state of the grade of misdemeanor where the punishment prescribed for such offense may be by confinement in jail, ...."

Article 1422 of the Penal Code after 1927 contained the provisions for the punishment for the offense of misdemeanor theft:

"Theft of property under the value of fifty dollars and over the value of five dollars shall be punished by imprisonment in jail not exceeding 2 years, and by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by such imprisonment without fine; theft of property of the value of five dollars or under shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars."

If these two provisions were the only statutes to be considered, our inquiry would end with the result that Mr. Johnson could not have been adjudged a ...