Fritz v. Marantette
| Decision Date | 28 December 1978 |
| Docket Number | No. 8,Docket No. 59605,8 |
| Citation | 404 Mich. 329,273 N.W.2d 425,25 UCC Rep.Serv. 625 |
| Parties | John FRITZ, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Bud MARANTETTE, d/b/a J & M Seed Service, Defendant-Appellee. Calendar404 Mich. 329, 273 N.W.2d 425, 25 UCC Rep.Serv. 625 |
| Court | Michigan Supreme Court |
Gergely & Foley, P.C., Vicksburg by Michael C. Gergely, Stephen D. Gorsalitz, Vicksburg, for plaintiff-appellant.
Deming, Hughey, Benson, Keiser & Allen by W. Jack Keiser, Kalamazoo, for defendant-appellee.
The plaintiff, John Fritz, orally agreed to sell 20,000 bushels of corn to the defendant, Bud Marantette, who purchased for resale to a Chicago broker. Defendant subsequently realized that it was not possible to obtain the contract price on the Chicago market, because the corn was not of the expected grade. Defendant checked the prevailing prices on the Toledo market and notified plaintiff that he could receive more on the Toledo market. The contract price for the Toledo market, to which the parties agreed, was approximately $24,000, $1.24 or $1.25 per bushel.
After the corn was delivered, defendant sent plaintiff a check for $15,252.21 ($24,000 less the Chicago damages), containing the standard printed statement:
"By endorsement this check when paid is accepted in full payment of the following account."
The following phrase was handwritten under the printed form language: "Corn contract paid in full".
After fruitless conversations with the defendant, plaintiff crossed out the handwritten phrase and deposited the check. He then commenced this action in district court for the balance of the contract price. Defendant answered the complaint and counter-claimed for breach of a separate alleged contract.
Defendant claimed that plaintiff was aware of the contractual obligation to the Chicago dealer and agreed to a deduction of the cost of making good on that contract. Plaintiff denied that agreement. Plaintiff claimed that when defendant notified him that a deduction would be made from the net contract price, he refused to let defendant remove the remaining 10,000 bushels of corn. Plaintiff further claimed that defendant then agreed to pay the $1.24 or $1.25 per bushel, implying that there would be no deductions for the losses suffered on the Chicago agreement.
Defendant argued in district court that an accord and satisfaction occurred as a matter of law when plaintiff negotiated the conditioned check for $15,252.21. The district court disagreed; the jury returned a verdict for plaintiff and found no cause of action on defendant's counter-claim. On appeal, the circuit court agreed with the defendant and reversed the jury award. The Court of Appeals, in an unpublished per curiam opinion, affirmed the circuit court. We granted leave to appeal. 402 Mich. 825 (1977).
The issue on appeal is whether the negotiation of a check, after striking part of a restrictive condition and protesting the amount received, acts as an accord and satisfaction. Under Michigan case law the answer to this question depends upon the facts of the individual case. In most cases a jury-submissible question of fact is presented. The case of Urben v. Public Bank, 365 Mich. 279, 112 N.W.2d 444 (1961), is enlightening in deciding the instant dispute as it also involved a conditioned check.
Plaintiff Urben deposited, without endorsing, defendant bank's check which stated, "Salary and overtime pay through August 14, 1958, plus 2 weeks' severance pay in lieu of notice". Urben verbally protested the amount received, as being less than that to which he was entitled, before depositing the check. In his suit against the bank for back pay, the trial court found that the testimony presented a question of fact as to the establishment of an accord and satisfaction. The jury found no accord and satisfaction, awarding the plaintiff the disputed amount.
This Court affirmed the jury award, recognizing the following legal principle:
"(U)nless the evidence is insufficient to submit to the jury, or is undisputed and not open to opposing inferences accord and satisfaction, including the various elements thereof, is a question of fact to be determined by the jury or by the court where it is the trier of the facts". Urben, supra, 286, 112 N.W.2d 447.
Another illustrative case is Gitre v. Kessler Products Co., Inc., 387 Mich. 619, 198 N.W.2d 405 (1972). The plaintiffs in that case received checks with the notation "Endorsement and payment of the within check constitutes a full release by the payee of all claims for commission or otherwise against the drawer and its affiliates", and another notation using almost identical language. The checks were endorsed with the plaintiff corporation's rubber stamp and deposited in its account.
In plaintiffs' suit to recover contract damages and commissions still due, the trial court granted defendants' motion for accelerated judgment based upon the doctrines of release and accord and satisfaction. This Court remanded for trial on all disputed claims, noting:
(Emphasis added.) Gitre, supra, 624, 198 N.W.2d 408.
Review of yet another case is helpful in resolving the instant dispute. In Melick v. Nauman Vandervoort, Inc., 54 Mich.App. 171, 220 N.W.2d 748 (1974), Rev'd by order 393 Mich. 774, 224 N.W.2d 280 (1974), the plaintiffs sued for an amount they claimed was still due, after endorsing defendant corporation's checks which carried the notations "Final Payment" and "Final Payment re purchase Capital Stock". The trial court specifically found that the parties had not intended an accord and satisfaction. Melick, supra, 174, 220 N.W.2d 748. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals reversed, finding an accord and satisfaction.
This Court, by order, reinstated the trial court's judgment "for the reason that the trial court's finding of fact that the parties did not intend an accord and satisfaction is adequately supported by the record and is not clearly erroneous". 393 Mich. 774, 224 N.W.2d 280.
Therefore, it is clear that whether a particular set of facts amounts to an accord and satisfaction is generally a question of fact for the fact finder. One of the key elements, which the trier of fact must find to reach the conclusion that an accord and satisfaction exists, is a "meeting of the minds".
In the instant case, plaintiff's conduct and the testimony of the parties presents a question of fact as to whether the negotiation of the conditioned check constituted an accord and satisfaction. We find, therefore, that the trial court was not in error in submitting the question to the jury.
Two interpretations of the facts could support the jury determination in favor of the plaintiff. First, the jury could find that the debt was liquidated and undisputed. Testimony indicated that when defendant stated he was deducting a particular amount from the agreed contract price, plaintiff refused to ship the rest of the corn. Defendant then agreed to the original bushel amount, implying that no deductions would be made. Under the majority rule, where the debt is liquidated, payment of less than the full amount does not discharge the balance even though the amount paid was tendered and accepted as full payment. 6 Corbin, Contracts, § 1289, p. 163; Calamari and Perillo, Contracts, § 65, p. 129.
Alternatively, the jury could find that the amount paid represented the undisputed portion of the corn contract. The facts indicate that the so-called "dispute" concerned only the amount to be deducted for damages assertedly suffered because of the delivery of inferior corn. The defendant deducted the full amount of the asserted damages and thus the amount deducted does not represent any compromise or settlement. The defendant "merely paid what both sides acknowledged was due". See Gitre, supra, 624, 198 N.W.2d 405, to support the proposition that payment of the undisputed portion of a contract will not support an accord and satisfaction discharging the balance.
Accordingly, we hold that it was not error for ...
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