Georgia Military College v. Santamorena

• Decision Date: 17 March 1999
• Docket Number: No. A98A1711.,A98A1711.
• Citation: 514 S.E.2d 82,237 Ga. App. 58
• Parties: GEORGIA MILITARY COLLEGE v. SANTAMORENA.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

514 S.E.2d 82

237 Ga. App. 58

GEORGIA MILITARY COLLEGE v. SANTAMORENA.

No. A98A1711.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

March 17, 1999.

Certiorari Denied June 11, 1999.

Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Kathleen M. Pacious, Deputy Attorney General, John C. Jones, Carol A. Cosgrove, Senior Assistant Attorneys General, for appellant.

Schulten, Ward & Turner, David L. Turner, Atlanta, for appellee.

RUFFIN, Judge.

Yasmin Santamorena, individually and as next friend of her daughter, H.S., a minor, sued Georgia Military College (GMC) for negligence and violation of the public duty doctrine, alleging that GMC was responsible for the rape of H.S. by a fellow student on GMC's premises. GMC moved to dismiss plaintiff's complaint, arguing that plaintiff's claims were barred by sovereign immunity. The trial court denied GMC's motion, and we granted GMC's application for interlocutory appeal. Because plaintiff's suit is barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity, we reverse.

"A motion to dismiss may be granted only where a complaint shows with certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any state of facts that could be proven in support of [her] claim." Croxton v. MSC Holding, 227 Ga.App. 179, 180, 489 S.E.2d 77 (1997). Our review is de novo. Id.

In her complaint, plaintiff alleges that in August 1995, H.S., then age 13, was enrolled as a freshman in the high school program at GMC. Before her admission, H.S.' parents made repeated inquiries regarding their daughter's safety. Plaintiff claims that school officials, including Major Walter Banks, assured her that H.S. would be adequately supervised and safeguarded. Specifically, Major Banks advised that he and his wife lived in a unit near H.S., and that an adult supervisor would be assigned to H.S.' barracks and would be available "at all times."

According to plaintiff, when she arrived with her family at GMC on August 13, 1995, she learned that only one other high school age female would be living on campus and that she would be H.S.' roommate. During that same visit, plaintiff alleges that Major Banks showed her H.S.' room, which was located near his own quarters. When H.S.' parents expressed concern that the observation window in the room's door was painted black, Major Banks assured them that the paint would be removed and replaced with a piece of sliding cardboard. Major Banks explained that a security person would be stationed between the dormitory's two wings and that any persons attempting to enter H.S.' wing would be screened. Plaintiff also claims that Major Banks described a "bed-check procedure" wherein high school students were confined to their rooms at 10:00 p.m. Since school policy required new students to remain on campus for their first four weeks, plaintiff alleges that H.S. was in GMC's custody twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week during this time period.

According to the complaint, GMC performed bed checks only during H.S.' first week on campus. In addition, a week after H.S. arrived, and without her parents' knowledge, H.S. and her roommate were moved to the opposite wing of the barracks, a substantial distance from Banks, where no school personnel or other students lived. The observation window in the door of the new room had "a wooden block nailed from both the inside and outside, preventing the occupants from being able to visually identify persons knocking on the door."

Thereafter, on September 1, 1995, at approximately 10:00 p.m., H.S. was raped by a 19-year-old GMC student in her room. Plaintiff alleges that no one performed a bed check on the evening of the rape; that the supervisor for the main barracks and the female hall was not on campus at the time; and that no supervisory female was assigned in her place.

1. GMC contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion to dismiss, because plaintiff's claim for negligence under the Georgia Tort Claims Act (GTCA) is barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. In addition, GMC asserts that plaintiff's claim under the public duty doctrine is barred because that doctrine applies only to cases involving police protection. We address each of plaintiff's claims in turn.

(a) Doctrine of sovereign immunity. The Georgia General Assembly established GMC to "be a state-wide institution dedicated to providing a high-quality military education to the youth of this state." OCGA § 20-3-560. As a state institution, GMC is entitled to sovereign immunity except to the extent sovereign immunity has been waived. See Holloway v. Rogers, 181 Ga.App. 11, 12-13(1), 351 S.E.2d 240 (1986) (Georgia Academy for the Blind entitled to sovereign immunity). Plaintiff contends that GMC may be sued under the GTCA, OCGA § 50-21-20 et seq., which sets forth a limited waiver of sovereign immunity. See OCGA § 50-21-23. However, the legislature carved out an exception to this limited waiver in OCGA § 50-21-24(7), which provides that "[t]he state shall have no liability for losses resulting from ... [a]ssault [and] battery." This exception to the waiver of sovereign immunity has been held to apply in rape cases. See Christensen v. State of Ga., 219 Ga.App. 10, 464 S.E.2d 14 (1995). Plaintiff argues that OCGA § 50-21-24(7) does not bar her claim because it is based not upon the rape, which she describes as "incidental," but upon the breach of the affirmative duty GMC undertook to protect H.S. while she was in its care. We do not agree.

The doctrine of sovereign immunity requires that the conditions and limitations of the statute that waives immunity be strictly followed. Applying this rule of statutory construction, the exception to the waiver of immunity covers any and all losses resulting from the torts enumerated in OCGA § 50-21-24(7), regardless of who committed them.

(Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.) Dept. of Human Resources v. Hutchinson, 217 Ga.App. 70, 71(1), 456 S.E.2d 642 (1995). In Hutchinson, a juvenile who had been declared delinquent shot his foster parent after being placed in her home by the Department of Human Resources (DHR). The parent sued DHR, "alleging that it was negligent and consciously indifferent to her safety in placing the juvenile in her home and in failing to warn her of the juvenile's violent propensities." Id. at 70, 456 S.E.2d 642. In holding that sovereign immunity barred the claim, we explained that

"[l]oss" is extensively defined in OCGA § 50-21-22(3) and includes "any ... element of actual damages recoverable in actions for negligence." The focus of the exceptions to liability in OCGA § 50-21-24(7) is not on the government action taken [or, in this case, on the actions GMC did not take], but upon the act that produces the loss.

Id. at 71-72, 456 S.E.2d 642. In Hutchinson, "the government action taken, placing the juvenile in Hutchinson's home, itself produced no loss to her; it was the juvenile's independent tort, one specified in OCGA § 50-21-24(7), that resulted in Hutchinson's injury and damages." Id. at 72, 456 S.E.2d 642 Likewise, in the present case, GMC's actions and omissions themselves produced no loss to H.S.; it was the other student's independent tort that resulted in her injury and damages. Because her losses stem from the rape, we find that GMC is not subject to liability under the GTCA. See Id.; Christensen, supra; OCGA § 50-21-24(7); see also Sherin v. Dept. of Human Resources, 229 Ga.App. 621,...