Gilliam v. State, A99A1001.

• Decision Date: 28 September 1999
• Docket Number: No. A99A1001.,A99A1001.
• Citation: 240 Ga. App. 158,522 S.E.2d 766
• Parties: GILLIAM v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

522 S.E.2d 766

240 Ga. App. 158

GILLIAM v. The STATE.

No. A99A1001.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

September 28, 1999.

Garrett & Gilliard, Kirk E. Gilliard, Augusta, for appellant.

Daniel J. Craig, District Attorney, Charles R. Sheppard, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.

PHIPPS, Judge.

Tony Demetrius Gilliam was convicted of robbery. He raises two issues on appeal: Did the trial court err by not declaring a mistrial or instructing the jury to disregard identification testimony from witness Beverly Weathers; and was defense counsel ineffective in not objecting to hearsay testimony and not stating or reserving objections to the court's charge to the jury?

At approximately 9:30 p.m. on January 27, 1996, Betty Green was accosted in the parking lot of a Speedway convenience store in Richmond County. As Green exited her car with a purse on her shoulder, a man approached her from behind and said, "Give it up; give up this purse." The man grabbed the purse, and he and Green struggled over it. Ultimately, the man took the purse and ran away.

1. During the trial on July 29, 1996, Beverly Weathers testified for the State that she observed the robbery as she sat in her van at the Speedway. Somewhat equivocally, Weathers identified Gilliam during direct examination:

Q: Okay. Do you see the person in the courtroom today that you saw that night?

A: I was never shown anything after that, so it's—it is hard right now to just say that is him, but I would say he—this man over here resembles him.

Q: Okay. But are you sure or are you not sure? If you can't be positive, you need to tell the Court that.

A: Yes, sir, I would say it was him.

(Emphasis supplied.) On cross-examination, Weathers wavered further and revealed that earlier on the morning of trial, she was shown a single photograph of Gilliam by the State's attorney: "Q: Are you 100% positive that that is, in fact, the same gentlemen [sic] or does he just resemble Tony? A: I've had nothing to compare it to until this morning. I was shown a photo this morning before court." (Emphasis supplied.) After two other witnesses testified, defense counsel moved the court to declare a mistrial based on Weathers having been shown the photograph of Gilliam. Alternatively, counsel moved the court to instruct the jury that it should disregard Weathers's identification testimony. The court denied both motions.

To preserve a motion for mistrial for appellate review, the motion must be made contemporaneously with the objectionable testimony. Stephens v. State, 232 Ga. App. 738, 739(2), 503 S.E.2d 643 (1998); Sweeney v. State, 233 Ga.App. 862, 865(4), 506 S.E.2d 150 (1998). Gilliam's motion for mistrial was not timely and was waived because it was not made contemporaneously with the objectionable testimony. See Id.

But under Sharpe v. Dept. of Transp., 267 Ga. 267(1), 476 S.E.2d 722 (1996), the motion to instruct the jury to disregard Weathers's identification was preserved. Sharpe held that where a criminal defendant alleges evidence presented was inadmissible because it was obtained in violation of his constitutional rights, he may properly move to strike the evidence at any point before the jury retires. Id. at 271, 476 S.E.2d 722. Gilliam's motion is basically a motion to strike, and the rationale is that Weathers's in-court identification of him was obtained in violation of his due process rights. See generally, Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 198-199, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).

"[R]eliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony. [Cit.]" Burrell v. State, 239 Ga. 792, 793, 239 S.E.2d 11 (1977). A two-part test is used. "The threshold inquiry is whether the identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive. Only if it was need the court consider the question: whether there was a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." (Punctuation omitted.) State v. Frye, 205 Ga.App. 508, 509(2), 422 S.E.2d 915(1992) (citing Gravitt v. State, 239 Ga. 709, 710(4), 239 S.E.2d 149 (1977)). The photograph shown to Gilliam was likely one of several from Speedway surveillance tapes, which were recorded two months before the robbery. Weathers described the picture as "a single black and white photograph of one man in front and one in back of him." The prosecutor said he showed Weathers a group of surveillance photographs, each showing Gilliam and another black male in the store. According to defense counsel, "Weathers was shown a single photograph containing the back of a white male and the facial view of a black male." All the descriptions are consistent with eight still photographs admitted into evidence. In six of them, Gilliam, a black male, is standing at the counter of the store, facing the camera. A white store clerk is standing across the counter from Gilliam facing him in each picture. In one of those six pictures, a black male is standing behind Gilliam, as if in line.

Showing Weathers any of those photographs was impermissibly suggestive.¹ See Bradley v. State, 152 Ga.App. 902, 903, 264 S.E.2d 332 (1980); Talley v. State, 137 Ga.App. 548, 550(2), 224 S.E.2d 455 (1976). During the roughly six-month period between the robbery and trial, no photographs were shown to Weathers. Then, shortly before trial, she was shown a picture which depicted Gilliam far more prominently than anything or anyone else.

In determining whether a suggestive pretrial procedure created a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification, we consider the totality of the circumstances through five factors: (1) the witness's opportunity to view the accused at the time of the crime; (2) the witness's degree of attention during the crime; (3) the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the accused; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; and (5) the length of time between the crime and the confrontation. Frye, supra at 509, 422 S.E.2d 915 (citing Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199, 93 S.Ct. 375).

Weathers testified that: (a) she "zeroed in on [the robber]" after her husband alerted her the man was suspicious and standing near their vehicle; (b) she watched this person closely, because she had an intuition that he would do something wrong, and she wanted to be able to identify him; (c) she was very concerned about this person, because her twelve-year-old daughter was still inside the convenience store, and she was worried the man might attempt to rob the store; (d) when the man stood near her van, he was only about six feet away.

Weathers also gave descriptions of the perpetrator's clothing and general appearance that are consistent with those of the other two eyewitnesses. All described the perpetrator as being a black male around six feet tall who wore a green military-type field jacket. Denese Rhodes, a store clerk at the Speedway, testified that Gilliam wore such clothing at the store the night of the robbery and always wore it every time she had seen him there. All these things inspire confidence in the reliability of Weathers's identification.

Gilliam emphasizes Weathers's uncertainty. While Weathers's memory of the perpetrator clearly diminished during the six months before trial, and the wisdom of showing her a single photograph of Gilliam...