Goodloe v. State

• Decision Date: 19 January 2001
• Docket Number: 99-00031
• Citation: 36 S.W.3d 62
• Parties: VERONICA GOODLOE v. STATE OF TENNESSEEIN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE AT NASHVILLE Assigned on Briefs -
• Court: Tennessee Supreme Court

VERONICA GOODLOE

v.

STATE OF TENNESSEE

No. M1999-00031-SC-WCM-CV

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs - June 22, 2000

Filed January 19, 2001

Appeal by Permission from the Supreme Court Special Workers' Compensation Appeals Panel

Tennessee Claims Commission: No. 93003270

In this workers' compensation case, the employee, Veronica Goodloe, has appealed from a judgment of the Tennessee Claims Commission denying her claim for benefits filed against the employer, Columbia State Community College. The employee, who suffered from pre-existing depression, had a mental breakdown after being informed by her supervisor that she might be terminated. The Tennessee Claims Commission granted summary judgment to the employer on the basis that the employee's mental breakdown did not result from an event producing sudden fright, shock, or excessive unexpected anxiety. The Special Workers' Compensation Appeals Panel, upon reference for findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(e)(3) (1999 & Supp. 2000), held that summary judgment was improperly granted and remanded the case for trial. Thereafter, the employer filed a motion for full Court review of the Panel's decision. We granted the motion to decide whether the employee's psychiatric injury arose out of her employment because it resulted from the type of identifiable stressful, work-related event producing sudden fright, shock, or excessive unexpected anxiety to justify a recovery. After carefully examining the record and considering the relevant authorities, we hold that the employee's mental injury is not compensable. Therefore, we reject the findings of fact and conclusions of law of the Panel and affirm the judgment of the Claims Commission.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(e); Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law of the Special Workers' Compensation Appeals Panel Rejected; Judgment of the Tennessee Claims Commission Affirmed.

E. Riley Anderson, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which Frank F. Drowota, III, Janice M. Holder, and William M. Barker, JJ., joined. Adolopho A. Birch, Jr., J., not participating.

Tracy W. Moore, Columbia, Tennessee, for the appellee, Veronica Goodloe.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General; and Heather C. Ross, Assistant Attorney General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.

W.R. Baker, Commissioner

OPINION

BACKGROUND

The employee, Veronica Goodloe, was hired to work as a typesetter in 1982 by Columbia State Community College in Columbia, Tennessee. In 1993, the employee filed suit seeking workers' compensation benefits for depression stemming from conflicts with a supervisor. The claim was denied and no appeal was taken. The employee continued working for the employer, although she began seeing a psychiatrist for depression. In 1994, she was transferred to work in the employer's printing department.

In January 1995, the employee began hearing rumors that management personnel were looking for a reason to terminate her employment. A month later in February 1995¹, the employee asked her friend and supervisor, Bob Ward, whether the "Sword of Damocles" was still hanging over her head.² According to the employee, Ward replied:

Veronica, you are out on a limb. Dr. Sands wishes he had fired you before. Several administrators have told me that if you make one wrong move you'll be fired. They don't have anything on you (no documentation) but they'll still do it. It's a shame, because I don't think you've done anything wrong. In fact if I were you I would start looking for another job.

Ward testified, however, that the conversation occurred on February 9th and that he only told the employee that she was out on a limb and that she needed to do her job and keep quiet. Ward denied any conversation with her on February 23rd. Regardless, on February 23rd the employee, who was already depressed due to the recent death of her dog, returned to her desk and ingested approximately 50 tablets of anxiety medication. She was hospitalized and treated for the overdose. After recuperating, the employee returned to work, but was terminated in 1996 when the printing department closed.

The employee filed suit before the Claims Commission seeking benefits for her mental injury, asserting that her conversation with Ward in February 1995 was the cause of her mental breakdown. According to the employee, she took the overdose of pills because she was upset that she might lose her job and was "trying to make the pain go away." However, the employee did not view Ward as a threat to her because they were friends and had a good working relationship. The employee testified that she never had any confrontations with Ward and that they "got along very, very well." Ward never threatened to terminate the employee himself, and neither party raised their voices during the conversation. The employee did not take the conversation with Ward as a threat or warning but "as somebody who [was] giving [her] advice."

The employee presented medical proof tending to show that her psychiatric condition (severe depression) rendered her totally and permanently disabled.³ The medical proof also showed that the employee has a history of psychiatric problems and has taken medication for depression and anxiety since 1991. Her physicians' opinion was that the conversation with Ward precipitated the overdose and subsequent hospitalization. They also believed that the death of a pet dog was partly responsible for the employee's mental breakdown, as was the cumulative strain over the possibility of losing her job.

The Claims Commissioner found that the employee's psychiatric condition had not been caused by an identifiable stressful, work-related event, but by a combination of factors, including pre-existing depression and anxiety; a gradual build-up of employment-related stress; and the death of her dog. The Commissioner also found that the February 1995 exchange with Ward was not an "event producing sudden fright, shock or excessive unexpected anxiety" since the employee and Ward had a conversation one or two weeks earlier about the possibility of her termination. The Commissioner concluded:

[A]nnouncements about being discharged from employment do not qualify . . . as excessive unexpected anxiety. Workers' compensation law does not consider that any time an employer says to a depressed employee, "you're fired," the employer has thereby caused an industrial work-related accident; such an announcement, decently delivered, is merely an undesirable experience encountered in carrying out the duties of a contract of employment.

Accordingly, the Commissioner granted summary judgment to the employer.

The Special Workers' Compensation Appeals Panel held that summary judgment was improperly granted and remanded the case for trial. Thereafter, the employer filed a motion for full Court review of the Panel's decision. We granted the motion to decide whether the employee's mental injury resulted from an identifiable stressful, work-related event producing sudden fright, shock, or excessive unexpected anxiety which would justify a recovery.

ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

Ordinarily, the standard of review in a workers' compensation case is de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(e)(2) (1999 & Supp. 2000). However, when summary judgment has been granted in a workers' compensation case, the standard of review is governed by Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56. See Downen v. Allstate Ins. Co., 811 S.W.2d 523, 524 (Tenn. 1991). Under Rule 56, a court must "review the record without a presumption of correctness to determine whether the absence of genuine and material factual issues entitle the movant to judgment as a matter of law." Finister v. Humboldt Gen. Hosp., Inc., 970 S.W.2d 435, 437-38 (Tenn. 1998) (citations omitted). Furthermore, a court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party and must draw all reasonable inferences in that party's favor. Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 210-11 (Tenn. 1993) (citations omitted). Summary judgment should be granted only when the facts and inferences permit a reasonable person to reach only one conclusion. Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 26 (Tenn. 1995) (citing Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d at 210-11).

Compensability

A mental injury is compensable under the workers' compensation scheme when it results from an identifiable stressful, work-related event producing a sudden mental stimulus such as fright, shock, or excessive unexpected anxiety. Ivey v. Trans Global Gas & Oil, 3 S.W.3d 441, 446 n.10 (Tenn. 1999). However, "worry, anxiety or emotional stress of a general nature" is not compensable, see Allied Chem. Corp. v. Wells, 578 S.W.2d 369, 372 (Tenn. 1979), because the workers' compensation system "does not embrace every stress or strain of daily living or every undesirable experience encountered in carrying out the duties of a contract of employment." See Jose v. Equifax, Inc., 556 S.W.2d 82, 84 (Tenn. 1977). Further, a mental injury that results from the accumulation of normal job-related stress is not compensable, see Gatlin v. City of Knoxville, 822 S.W.2d 587, 591-92 (Tenn.1991), because "[e]motional stress, to some degree, accompanies the performance of any contract of employment." See Allied Chem. Corp. v. Wells, 578 S.W.2d 369, 373 (Tenn. 1979). Thus, "the stress produced may not be usual stress, but must be extraordinary and unusual in comparison to the stress ordinarily experienced by an employee in the same type duty." Gatlin v. City of Knoxville, 822 S.W.2d at 592.

We have applied these principles in several situations analogous to the present one. For example, in Cigna Property & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Sneed, 772 S.W.2d 422 (Tenn. 1989), the employee sought benefits for...