Grace v. Hopper
Citation | 217 S.E.2d 267,234 Ga. 669 |
Decision Date | 27 June 1975 |
Docket Number | No. 29924,29924 |
Parties | Hamp GRACE v. Joe S. HOPPER, Warden. |
Court | Georgia Supreme Court |
James C. Bonner, Jr., Jackson, for appellant.
Appellant was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. On appeal this court affirmed with two Justices dissenting. Grace v. State, 231 Ga. 113, 200 S.E.2d 248. The evidence presented at the trial is set out in that opinion. Appellant's sole defense was insanity at the time of the offense.
Appellant then filed this habeas corpus on the grounds that the trial judge's instructions on insanity violated his constitutional rights by shifting to him the burden of proof on an essential element of the offense and by relieving the prosecution of its burden of proving every essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. The judge of the habeas corpus court remanded the appellant to custody and this appeal followed.
The pertinent instructions to the jury were as follows:
'I charge you that although the burden of establishing the insanity or unsoundness of mind at the time of the alleged offense be not successfully carried by the defendant, so as to authorize his acquittal on this ground, it is nevertheless the duty of the jury to consider the evidence touching the alleged insanity in connection with the other evidence in the case; and if, in view of all the evidence, the jury entertains a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant, he should be given the benefit of that doubt and acquitted.'
Specifically appellant complaints, '(1) that the charge violated his due process right to have the State bear the full burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the charge against him, (2) that it offended his due process right to be tried clothed in the presumption of innocence and unencumbered by any burden of disproving an element of the offense, and (3) that it deprived him of his due process right to be judged by a jury free of confusing, contradictory, and inconsistent instructions.' HELD:
In recent years the traditional rules of criminal procedure of various states which shift burdens of proof to the defendant have been challenged as fundamentally unfair and violative of due process. That is primarily the basis of the attack here upon Georgia's typical procedure requiring the defendant to produce evidence in support of an insanity defense and to establish it to 'the reasonable satisfaction of the jury.' It is argued that the defendant is clothed throughout his trial with a presumption of innocence and to support a conviction the prosecution must prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt; that the prosecution must bear the burden of producing such evidence and the burden of persuading the court and jury of the defendant's guilt; and that any shifting of these burdens to the defendant is fundamentally unfair. This argument is supported by In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1073, 25 L.Ed.2d 368, where it is stated: 'Lest there remain any doubt about the constitutional statute of the reasonable-doubt standard, we explicitly hold that the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.' This reasoning has been applied to alibi defenses and shifting the burden of proving such defense to the defendant has been held to be violative of due process. Patterson v. State, 233 Ga. 724(7), 213 S.E.2d 612; Smith v. Smith, 454 F.2d 572 (5th Cir., 1971), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 885, 93 S.Ct. 99, 34 L.Ed.2d 141; Stump v. Bennett, 398 F.2d 111 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1001, 89 S.Ct. 483, 21 L.Ed.2d 466. Also in Mullaney v. Wilbur, -- U.S. --, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (decided June 9, 1975), Maine's rule requiring the defendant to prove by a fair preponderance of the evidence that he acted in the heat of passion on sudden provocation in order to reduce murder to manslaughter was held violative of due process. It was stated, '. . . Maine denigrates the interests found critical in Winship.' It was also stated,
These United States Supreme Court cases persuade us that in order to comport with due process the prosecution must carry the burden of proving all critical essential elements of the crime charged against a defendant. However, sanity has not been treated as a critical essential element of the offense which the prosecution is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. To the contrary, Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790, 798, 72 S.Ct. 1002, 1007, 96 L.Ed. 1302 states: 'Today, Oregon is the only state that requires the accused, on a plea of insanity, to establish that defense beyond a reasonable doubt. Some twenty states, however, place the burden on the accused to establish his insanity by a preponderance of the evidence or some similar measure of persuasion. While there is an evident distinction between these two rules as to the quantum of proof required, we see no practical difference of such magnitude as to be significant in determining the constitutional question we face here. Oregon merely requires a heavier burden of proof. In each instance, in order to establish insanity as a complete defense to the charges preferred, the accused must prove that insanity. The fact that a practice is followed by a large number of states is not conclusive in a decision as to whether that practice accords with due process, but it is plainly worth considering in determining whether the practice 'offends some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental.' Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 (1934), (54 S.Ct. 330, 332, 78 L.Ed. 674).
Likewise the dissenting opinion, although decrying Oregon's rule requiring the defendant to prove his insanity beyond a reasonable doubt, stated 343 U.S. at page 804, 72 S.Ct. at page 1010: ...
To continue reading
Request your trial-
Holloway v. McElroy
...26-606 (1978); Moses v. State, 245 Ga. 180, 263 S.E.2d 916 (1980); State v. Avery, 237 Ga. 865, 230 S.E.2d 301 (1976); Grace v. Hopper, 234 Ga. 669, 217 S.E.2d 267 (1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1066, 96 S.Ct. 806, 46 L.Ed.2d 657 (1976); Johnson v. State, 235 Ga. 486, 220 S.E.2d 448 (1975).......
-
Presnell v. State, 32995
...evaluation at a time when the question of who had the burden of proof as to sanity was being contested. See Grace v. Hopper, 234 Ga. 669, 217 S.E.2d 267 (1975), discussing Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975). The defendant contends that the order was error......
-
Potts v. State
...he was not mentally responsible at the time of the alleged crime. State v. Avery, 237 Ga. 865, 230 S.E.2d 301 (1976). Grace v. Hopper, 234 Ga. 669, 217 S.E.2d 267 (1975); Rozier v. State, 185 Ga. 317, 195 S.E. 172 (1938). The constitutional validity of placing upon the appellant the burden ......
-
Wesley v. State
...v. State, 239 Ala. 633, 637, 196 So. 268, 271 (1940); Cunningham v. State, 426 So.2d 484, 490 (Ala.Cr.App.1982). Cf. Grace v. Hopper, 234 Ga. 669, 217 S.E.2d 267, 269 (1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1066, 96 S.Ct. 806, 46 L.Ed.2d 657 (1976) ("in order to comport with due process the prosecut......