Grange Ins. Ass'n v. Ochoa Through Ochoa

• Decision Date: 04 December 1984
• Docket Number: No. 5465-III-9,5465-III-9
• Citation: 39 Wn.App. 90,691 P.2d 248
• Parties: GRANGE INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, a Mutual Insurance Company, Appellant, v. Velma OCHOA, a minor, Through her Guardian Ad Litem, Venita OCHOA, Brenda K. Reeves, a minor, and Anthony Carlson, a single person, Respondents, Lizette Janine Williamson, a minor, John Figenshow and Jane Doe Figenshow, husband and wife, Allen Clifford and Jane Doe Clifford, husband and wife, and Darin Clifford, a minor, Defendants.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 90

39 Wn.App. 90

691 P.2d 248

GRANGE INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, a Mutual Insurance Company, Appellant, v. Velma OCHOA, a minor, Through her Guardian Ad Litem, Venita OCHOA, Brenda K. Reeves, a minor, and Anthony Carlson, a single person, Respondents Lizette Janine Williamson, a minor, John Figenshow and Jane Doe Figenshow, husband and wife, Allen Clifford and Jane Doe Clifford, husband and wife and Darin Clifford, a minor, Defendants.

No. 5465-III-9.

Court of Appeals of Washington Division 3, Panel Four.

Dec. 4, 1984.

James M. Danielson, Susan Cawley, Jeffers, Danielson, Sonn & Aylward, Wenatchee, for appellant.

Richard McKinney, Seattle, for respondents.

GREEN, Acting Chief Judge.

John Figenshow operates a wholesale lumber and trucking business in Tonasket. His vehicles were insured by Grange Insurance Association. Among those vehicles was a 1977 Chevrolet pickup which his employee, Alan Clifford, was permitted to drive in connection with the business and for his personal use.

On June 29, 1981, Mr. Clifford permitted his son Darin, who was age 15 and not licensed, to drive the pickup from a restaurant in Tonasket to their home to obtain his swimming trunks, a distance of about three and one-half miles. Darin was told to go "right down and right back". However, Darin deviated 9 1/2 miles from his route to pick up some friends and, while returning to the restaurant, failed to negotiate a curve causing injuries to Velma Ochoa, Anthony Carlson, Lizette Janine Williamson and Brenda Reeves.

On August 1 Velma Ochoa, through her guardian ad litem, commenced an action against the Figenshows and Cliffords to recover damages for her injuries. The defense was tendered to Grange Insurance. Grange then brought this action seeking declaratory judgment to determine coverage under the Figenshows' policy. Cross motions for summary judgment were filed. The court determined as a matter of law Alan Clifford was insured but Darin was not. The court also found Alan Clifford negligently entrusted the pickup to Darin, thereby proximately causing the injuries sustained in the accident which resulted from Darin's negligence. This appeal followed.

Initially, Grange objects to the court considering certain depositions which it alleges were taken in the underlying personal injury action filed by Velma Ochoa against the Figenshows and Cliffords. Since this objection was not made to the trial court, it will not be addressed here. See Lamon v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 91 Wash.2d 345, 352, 588 P.2d 1346 (1979); Bernal v. American Honda Motor Co., 87 Wash.2d 406, 412 n. 2, 553 P.2d 107 (1976). However, while the court entered an order certifying the matters considered on the motion for summary judgment, ¹ that order does not list several of the depositions included in the record on appeal. Further, the order states the court "may have considered" other material, but "has no independent recollection of having done so." In summary judgment proceedings, this court may review only "the precise record--no more and no less-considered by the trial court." American Universal Ins. Co. v. Ranson, 59 Wash.2d 811, 816, 370 P.2d 867 (1962). We, therefore, have confined our review to those documents which the court stated were actually considered.

We now turn to the contentions concerning the court's orders on summary judgment. The parties appear to agree the question of insurance coverage revolves around the omnibus clause--whether Alan or Darin Clifford had Figenshow's implied permission to use the vehicle and whether the permission extended to its use at the time of the accident. Grange contends the court erred in ruling as a matter of law that Alan Clifford was an insured under the policy based upon Mr. Figenshow's statement that he would not have granted permission for Darin, an unlicensed driver, to use the pickup. Grange further asserts Darin exceeded any permission he may have had. Velma Ochoa, in her appeal, contends the permission given by Mr. Figenshow was broad enough to allow Alan to delegate the use of the pickup to Darin and, therefore, the court erred in determining Darin was not insured.

We conclude the court erred in separately considering the question of whether Alan and Darin Clifford were insureds under the policy. In our view either both or neither were insureds. Moreover, questions of fact exist on this issue which require reversal and remand for trial.

It is undisputed Mr. Figenshow did not grant express permission to Darin to use the vehicle. However, that fact alone does not preclude coverage; permission may be implied if Mr. Figenshow

should [have] anticipate[d] that, in view of the scope and nature of the permission granted (even if less than unfettered dominion), and because of the permittee's [Alan's] relationship to another [Darin], the permittee [would] allow that other to use the car ...

(Italics omitted.) Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., Inc. v. Pacific Indem. Co., 66 Wash.2d 38, 45, 401 P.2d 205 (1965) (quoting State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Williamson, 331 F.2d 517, 520 (9th Cir.1964)). Other cases involving implied permission are Employers Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Zurich Ins. Co., 67 Wash.2d 568, 409 P.2d 165 (1965); Hunton v. McCarvel, 65 Wash.2d 242, 244, 396 P.2d 639 (1964); Hamm v. Camerota, 48 Wash.2d 34, 290 P.2d 713 (1955); McKee v. Garrison, 37 Wash.2d 37, 221 P.2d 514 (1950).

Here, there is no evidence Mr. Figenshow placed any restriction on Alan Clifford's use of the pickup. Reflecting on what he intended, Mr. Figenshow stated in his deposition that Alan had permission to use the pickup for business and personal purposes which included family use. Alan was authorized to delegate use of the pickup to other employees and, had he been married at the time, to his wife. The only reason Mr. Figenshow gave for not intending to include Darin as a permitted user was that Darin was not licensed. However, since the permission granted Alan included authority to allow other family members to use the car, it is irrelevant that Darin was unlicensed if his use was within the permission granted. Wood v. Kok, 58 Wash.2d 12, 360 P.2d 576 (1961). In that circumstance, Alan would be entitled to the same protection under the policy as Mr. Figenshow would have been had he permitted an unlicensed driver to use the automobile. "The object of automobile liability insurance coverage would be defeated if an insured was not afforded protection on occasions of his improvident or negligent conduct in the use of his automobile." Wood v. Kok, supra at 16, 360 P.2d 576. Hence, Alan was "using" the vehicle within Mr. Figenshow's permission and would be an insured when he delegated its use to his son if that use was for a business or family purpose. See Wood v. Kok, supra; Odden v. Union Indem. Co., 156 Wash. 10, 286 P. 59 (1930); Annots., Omnibus Clause of Automobile Liability Policy as Covering Accidents Caused by Third Person Who Is Using Car...