Hall v. Indiana Dept. of State Revenue

• Citation: 351 N.E.2d 35,170 Ind.App. 77
• Parties: William D. HALL et al., Appellants (Plaintiffs below), v. INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF STATE REVENUE, and United States of America, (Defendants below), and Wanda V. Nugen, Appellee (Intervening Defendant and Cross-Complainant below).
• Decision Date: 22 July 1976
• Court: Court of Appeals of Indiana

Page 35

351 N.E.2d 35

170 Ind.App. 77

William D. HALL et al., Appellants (Plaintiffs below), v. INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF STATE REVENUE, and United States of

America, (Defendants below),

and

Wanda V. Nugen, Appellee (Intervening Defendant and

Cross-Complainant below).

Court of Appeals of Indiana, First District.

July 22, 1976.

Charles W. Linder, Jr., James W. Riley, Indianapolis, R. Scott Hayes, New Castle, for appellants, William D. Hall and Barbara L. Hall.

William D. Hall, Indianapolis, for appellants, Lawrence Wright and Zola Wright, Frank C. Cross and Carol S. Cross.

Kirkwood Yockey, Indianapolis, John D. Wilson, New Castle, for appellee, Wanda V. Nugen, (intervening defendant and cross-complainant below); Yockey & Yockey, Indianapolis, Yergin & Yergin, New Castle, of counsel.

Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., Walter F. Lockhart, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for defendant below: Indiana Dept. of State Revenue.

LYBROOK, Judge.

Plaintiff-appellant William D. Hall appeals from a judgment in favor of intervening defendant-appellee Wanda V. Nugen. Appellant presents the following issues for review:

(1) Whether the trial court erred in determining that the deed executed by Nugen created a trust for her; thereby obligating Hall to account for all transactions entered into by him concerning the real estate.

(2) Whether Nugen was barred from recovery by the equitable defenses of laches and estoppel.

(3) Whether the court's judgment should be altered to correct a harmless error.

The evidence most favorable to the appellee reveals that this action revolves around a parcel of real estate deeded by Nugen to Hall, her attorney at the time of the execution of the deed. Nugen acquired title to the property by warranty deed from her husband as the property settlement of a divorce proceeding. Hall represented her interest in the divorce. The property, eighty acres of farm land, was heavily encumbered with mortgages and tax liens at the time Nugen acquired title. In addition to these encumbrances, Nugen had other debts to pay. She apparently believed that the amount of her debts and the encumbrances approximately equaled the market value of the property. In an effort to remain solvent and pay off her debts Nugen agreed to deed the property to Hall rather than lose it in an impending foreclosure. In exchange for the deed Hall agreed to assume Nugen's debts which consisted of Hall's attorney fees and the above encumbrances.

After acquiring the deed, Hall paid off the first mortgage and then sold the property to bona fide purchasers. Hall initiated the present action to determine the validity and status of the tax liens on the property. Nugen intervened into the lawsuit claiming an interest in the property and asking for an accounting of the profits from the sales. From a judgment declaring that Nugen's deed to Hall created a trust for Nugen, Hall appeals.

I.

The first issue to be considered is whether the trial court erred in determining that the deed executed by Nugen created a trust for her benefit, thereby obligating Hall to account for all transactions entered into by him concerning the real estate. We determine that the trial court did not err in creating a constructive trust in favor of Nugen. A constructive trust differs from an express trust in that it does not grow out of an express or implied declaration of trust. Rather, it is created by the courts when necessary to attain equity and justice, regardless of the intention of the parties. Terry v. Davenport (1916), 185 Ind. 561, 112 N.E. 998. It was stated in Brown v. Brown (1956), 235 Ind. 563, 135 N.E.2d 614, that the definition of a constructive trust that most nearly conforms to the decisions of Indiana courts is as follows:

"A constructive trust, or as frequently called an involuntary trust, is a fiction of equity, devised to the end that the equitable remedies available against a conventional fiduciary may be available under the same name and processes against one who through fraud or mistake or by any means ex maleficio acquires property of another." 3 Bogert Trusts Pt., 1, ch. 24, § 471, p. 6.

Fraud constitutes an essential ingredient in a constructive trust. Thomas v. Briggs (1934), 98 Ind.App. 352, 189 N.E. 389; Alexander v. Spaulding (1903), 160 Ind. 176, 66 N.E. 694. The fraud necessary, however, may be either actual or constructive. Vance v. Grow (1934), 206 Ind. 614, 190 N.E. 747; Meredith v. Meredith (1898), 150 Ind. 299, 50 N.E. 29.

'Constructive fraud is fraud which arises by operation of law, 'from acts or (a) course of conduct which, if sanctioned by law, would, either in the particular case, or in common experience, secure an unconscionable advantage, irrespective of the existence or evidence of actual intent to defraud." (Cases cited omitted.)

Constructive fraud may arise from a breach of duty by the dominant party in a confidential or fiduciary relationship. Teegarden et ux. v. Lewis, Administrator (1895), 145 Ind. 98, 44 N.E. 9.

'. . . Any breach of a duty arising from a confidential or fiduciary relation, whereby the party at fault without any actual fraudulent intent gains an advantage at the expense of any one to whom he owes such duty, amounts to a constructive fraud.' (Emphasis added.) Gorham v. Gorham (1913), 54 Ind.App. 408, 103 N.E. 16.

First, Hall appears to be arguing that there was insufficient evidence for the court to determine that a fiduciary relationship existed and that Hall breached the duty inherent in this relationship. He maintains: (1) That he did not perpetrate actual fraud or duress on Nugen prior to or at the time she executed the warranty deed to him. (2) That the conveyance from Nugen to Hall is valid because an attorney is not precluded from entering into business transactions with a client if there is a full disclosure of all pertinent information and understanding of the transaction by the client.

The existance or non-existence of a fiduciary relationship involves questions of fact peculiar to the facts and circumstances of each case. Koehler v. Haller (1915), 62 Ind.App. 8, 112 N.E. 527. In the case at bar the court determined from the evidence that a fiduciary relationship existed between Hall and Nugen. Hall compares the facts of this case with facts of other cases in which no fiduciary relationship was found. He infers that the cases are fundamentally indistinguishable as to the facts, and therefore, no fiduciary relationship should be found in the present case.

We look only to the evidence most favorable to the appellee, together with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. When confronted with a question as to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's findings and judgment, this court, as a reviewing tribunal, neither weighs conflicting evidence, nor resolves questions of credibility of witnesses, but rather we determine if the trial court's decision is supported by substantial evidence of probative value. First Equity Security Life Insurance Co. v. Keith (1975), Ind.App., 329 N.E.2d 45. We determine from the record in this case that although the evidence is conflicting, there is ample evidence to support the trial court's findings.

As a general rule the party seeking to establish a constructive trust has the burden of proof. McQuaide, Admx. v. McQuaide (1930), 92 Ind.App. 370, 168 N.E. 500.

'If, however, the existence of an antecedent, confidential, or fiduciary relationship is shown, and the one occupying the superior position deals with the other in such a way as to sustain an advantage, the law will presume that improper influence was exerted and that the transaction is fraudulent, and where a prima facie case of constructive fraud is so made out from the fiduciary relationship of the parties and other circumstances connected with the transaction the burden of affirmatively proving good faith, or the absence of undue influence, or proving the justice, equity, and fairness of the transaction assailed, is on the party denying the existence of a trust.' (Emphasis added.) 28 I.L.E. Trusts § 78; See also, Potter v. Daily (1942), 220 Ind. 43, 40 N.E.2d 339; Huffman v. Huffman (1905), 35 Ind.App. 643, 73 N.E. 1096.

Hall clearly had the burden of proving good faith. 'It is the province of the trial court to draw the proper inference from the facts proved, and thus to find ultimate or inferential fact, and the failure to find the ultimate fact must be deemed a finding against the party having the burden of proof.' Westphal v. Heckman (1916)...