Harrell v. Houston County

• Decision Date: 30 June 2009
• Docket Number: No. A09A0393.,A09A0393.
• Citation: 299 Ga. App. 347,682 S.E.2d 591
• Parties: HARRELL v. HOUSTON COUNTY.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

682 S.E.2d 591

299 Ga. App. 347

HARRELL v. HOUSTON COUNTY.

No. A09A0393.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

June 30, 2009.

Reconsideration Denied July 24, 2009.

Certiorari Granted November 2, 2009.

Moraitakis, Kushel, Pearson & Gardner, Albert M. Pearson III, Charles T. Brant, Atlanta, for appellant.

Buckley Brown, Timothy J. Buckley III, Tracy K. Haff, Atlanta, for appellee.

PHIPPS, Judge.

Camille Harrell appeals the trial court's order granting summary judgment to Houston County on her civil rights claim brought under 42 USC § 1983. For reasons that follow, we reverse.

Summary judgment is appropriate when no genuine issues of material fact remain and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.¹ We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence and all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.²

So viewed, the record shows that Harrell was stopped for speeding while driving though Houston County in October 2004. The arresting officer issued a traffic citation that directed her to appear in Houston County State Court on a future date to answer the charge. A subsequent letter from the state court clerk informed Harrell that her appearance had been scheduled for January 7, 2005. The letter further explained: "It is not necessary to make a court appearance on a speeding ticket so you can send a certified check or money order for $162.00 or if you wish to appear on January 7, be sure and bring $162.00 cash or money order with you."

Intending to contest the speeding charge, Harrell appeared in court on the scheduled date. At that time, however, the court required defendants pleading not guilty to a traffic violation to post a bond of twice the fine payable for the violation. When Harrell learned about the bond amount, she decided not to challenge the speeding charge and to pay the $162 fine. A Houston County State Court judge accepted Harrell's plea of nolo contendere and imposed a 12-month suspended sentence that would terminate upon payment of the fine.

After entering her plea, Harrell explained to a bailiff that she needed to leave the courthouse briefly to obtain $162 from a nearby ATM. The bailiff told her that unless she could satisfy the fine before leaving the courthouse, she would need to complete paperwork with Sentinel Offender Services, Inc., a private company that handled probation and suspended-sentence services for misdemeanor offenders in Houston County. The paperwork set up a plan for remitting the fine to Sentinel. It also triggered a $25 per month supervision fee for Sentinel's services.

Harrell completed the paperwork, which directed her to pay $187 — the $162 fine plus the $25 supervision fee — to Sentinel. She then left the courthouse, withdrew money from an ATM, and returned to make payment. According to Harrell, she spoke with a Sentinel representative, who took her to the state court clerk's office. She paid the $162 fine in the clerk's office, received a receipt, and was told by the Sentinel representative that her Sentinel paperwork "would be destroyed" and that she was free to leave. The representative did not ask for the $25 supervision fee.

In June 2005, a Sentinel probation officer received an internal report indicating that Harrell had not made the $187 payment. Apparently, Harrell's paperwork had not been "destroyed," and Sentinel did not have a record that she had satisfied her traffic fine because she had made payment to the clerk's office, rather than directly to Sentinel. On July 12, the probation officer sought a warrant for Harrell's arrest based on nonpayment. The warrant application was signed by the officer and notarized. But it did not contain an attestation that the statements in the application were made under oath, and Houston County offered no evidence that the officer requesting the warrant was otherwise sworn.

Pursuant to the warrant, Harrell was arrested at her Clayton County residence on July 30, 2005, and held in the Clayton County jail for several days. At some point, the receipt showing that she had paid her fine was faxed to Houston County. Nevertheless, Houston County officers picked her up from Clayton County to transport her back to Houston County. She was eventually released from the Houston County jail, and all charges were dismissed.

Harrell sued Sentinel and Houston County, arguing that she was improperly arrested and detained in July 2005. With respect to Sentinel, she alleged claims for negligence, false arrest, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. As to Houston County, she alleged several state law claims, as well as a claim under 42 USC § 1983. Specifically, she asserted that Houston County's actions had violated her constitutional right to be free from false arrest, false imprisonment, and malicious prosecution. Houston County moved for summary judgment on all claims. In response, Harrell conceded that the county could not be held liable on the state law claims. She argued, however, that her Section 1983 claim was viable and that questions of fact remained. The trial court disagreed and granted summary judgment to Houston County. This appeal followed.

A local government may be held liable for damages under 42 USC § 1983 if it deprives a person "of a constitutional right pursuant to an impermissible or corrupt policy which is intentional or deliberate."³ To succeed on such a claim, a plaintiff must point to some constitutionally deficient policy or custom that caused — and is closely related to — an injury.⁴ As we have explained,

the plaintiff[] must ... demonstrate that, through its deliberate conduct, the [local government] was the moving force behind the injury alleged. That is, a plaintiff must show that the [governmental] action was taken with the requisite degree of culpability and must demonstrate a direct causal link between the ... action and the deprivation of federal rights. Some employee or agent must intend to act or refuse to act based upon such governmental policy.⁵

Harrell claims that her arrest and detention in 2005 injured her. And she argues on appeal that four allegedly unconstitutional Houston County practices caused the injury: (1) conducting impermissible "mass arraignments" in traffic court; (2) requiring all defendants who wish to plead "not guilty" to post a bond in the amount of double the traffic fine; (3) allowing Sentinel to charge a $25 supervision fee for defendants who pay their fines immediately; and (4) issuing an invalid arrest warrant in July 2005. According to Harrell, if Houston County had not engaged in these practices, "her arrest and detention would never have occurred."

As an initial matter, we fail to see how the first three claimed deficiencies can be construed as a "moving force" behind Harrell's injury. Any deficiency in the mass arraignment and bond...