Hasty v. State, A94A1101

• Decision Date: 09 November 1994
• Docket Number: No. A94A1101,A94A1101
• Citation: 450 S.E.2d 278,215 Ga.App. 155
• Parties: HASTY v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

Page 278

450 S.E.2d 278

215 Ga.App. 155

HASTY v. The STATE.

No. A94A1101.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

Nov. 9, 1994.

Steven M. Reilly, Lawrenceville, for appellant.

Britt R. Priddy, Dist. Atty., Johnnie M. Graham, Asst. Dist. Atty., for appellee.

BEASLEY, Presiding Judge.

The questions on appeal are whether the trial court erred in finding that defendant Hasty appeared at trial without counsel due to lack of diligence and, if so, whether the court erred in denying a new trial. Hasty's direct appeal was remanded to the trial court to determine why Hasty appeared without counsel, after having been warned that he would have to proceed by himself if he appeared without representation. Hasty v. State, 210 Ga.App. 722, 723(1), 437 S.E.2d 638 (1993). Hasty was represented at the hearing on remand by the same court-appointed counsel who represented him on the first appeal and continues to represent him on this appeal. He was appointed when an out-of-time appeal was granted after a habeas corpus petition was brought.

Hasty first appeared for trial on May 21, 1991, with counsel Strickland, who had been appointed to represent him because of his indigency. The charges were kidnapping with bodily injury (OCGA § 16-5-40), three counts of aggravated assault (OCGA § 16-5-21(a)), theft by taking motor vehicle (OCGA § 16-8-2), speeding (OCGA § 40-6-181), and attempting to elude a police officer (OCGA § 40-6-395(a)). The State did not seek the death penalty for the kidnapping, so the punishment if defendant was convicted would be life imprisonment. OCGA § 16-5-40.

After the jury was selected, defendant's counsel advised the court that defendant had indicated at the commencement of the proceedings that he wanted to discharge counsel and had written out his reasons, which were marked as an exhibit but are not in the record. Hasty was asked to explain, and he related his dissatisfaction with efforts to reach a plea bargain.

The court advised Hasty that appointed counsel was well qualified to represent him, and there followed a discussion among the court, both counsel, and Hasty about the efforts to reach a plea bargain in this case and in a case which had been tried several months before and for which the same counsel had represented Hasty. At this time he was in custody under the sentence imposed after the earlier conviction. No plea arrangement could be reached on the current charges because the State insisted on retaining the kidnapping charge which carried an automatic life sentence.

The court advised Hasty that he would either have to be represented by Strickland or he would have to represent himself, which it said was a very difficult thing for a layperson to do. The court recommended against that alternative but said that if defendant insisted on it, he had a right to do so. Defendant did not indicate any desire to represent himself but asked for a delay to see if he could get retained counsel instead. After discussion about postponement and waiver of the demand for trial, and the court stating the options of proceeding with the trial that day with court-appointed Strickland's representation or defendant's self-representation, the court permitted the case to be reset in order for defendant to have an opportunity to employ counsel. The court cautioned that he would be tried in July, either with hired counsel or by himself. Although defendant was indigent, the court made no inquiry as to defendant's expected means or anticipated sources for the hiring of counsel to try this multi-charge, high-penalty case. Nor did the court explain the ramifications of self-representation or state that if counsel could not be employed, no new counsel would be appointed.

1. According to Hasty's unrebutted and unimpeached evidence at the hearing on remand, he took the following steps to obtain paid counsel in the interim two months before the case was tried. He was in prison and jail during this period and described his limited opportunity to make calls; only collect calls could be made from the correctional institutions in which he was incarcerated, and his calls to attorneys under this system met with refusal. When he was able to make free calls while in jail, either the attorneys were unavailable or he could not meet the fee. He had thought he could employ counsel for about $2,500 and could use his pension check of between $380-$440 to work this out; he had lost his house between the trial on the earlier charges and the first time this case was called in May, and he had no other assets at the time. He named a number of attorneys known to him whom he called, and he testified that he also tried others whose names he obtained from the phone book and from other inmates. He named the attorney in the expert's firm whom he had called and could not provide the $10,000 retainer. He sought help from his sister and brother.

They also tried to hire counsel, naming some of the ones contacted without success, and visited one in particular, but they had insufficient funds to meet his $7,500 retainer. Others, some of whom were named, were not available. The brother, who testified, already had a personal loan and a car loan from the credit union. There was no other family except two aunts, and there was no indication that they had any resources which could be used for this purpose.

A local attorney gave expert testimony that a case of this nature would require a fee of about $10,000--$15,000 and that no competent attorney would take it for less than $7,500. He confirmed that defendant had contacted his firm.

Hasty testified that when he was brought to court on July 10, he told the court that he did not have an attorney, could not afford one, and wanted one.

The trial proceeded on July 17 with Hasty representing himself. The court asked an attorney to sit with defendant during the trial, but he was not appointed to represent defendant, who was convicted of all charges. His sentences included life in prison.

Hasty maintains that the finding of lack of diligence was not authorized by the evidence because he presented a prima facie case of diligence against which there was no contrary evidence. The question of reasonable diligence in procuring counsel is a factual one to be decided by the trial court. Shaw v. State, 251 Ga. 109, 111, 303 S.E.2d 448 (1983). However, here the evidence demands a finding of due diligence, for it conclusively establishes that defendant has been indigent since at least his trial on the prior charges and has been financially unable to employ counsel. The reason for no retained counsel was lack of funds, not lack of diligence. The diligence test applies to non-indigents, as recognized in the opinion the first time this case appeared here. Hasty v. State, supra at 723, 437 S.E.2d 638. See also Houston v. State, 205 Ga.App. 703, 704, 423 S.E.2d 431 (1992). Every person has a right "to be defended by counsel of his own selection whenever he is able and willing to employ an attorney and uses reasonable diligence to obtain his services." (Emphasis supplied.) Delk v. State, 100 Ga. 61, 27 S.E. 152 (1896). See Shaw, supra at 111, 303 S.E.2d 448. A non-indigent defendant must act with reasonable diligence in obtaining an attorney's service. Callaway v. State, 197 Ga.App. 606, 607-608, 398 S.E.2d 856 (1990).

It was abundantly evident that Hasty was not able to employ an attorney. The record establishes this by the fact of his uninterrupted indigency and the unsuccessful numerous attempts, because of lack of finances, by himself and his family members to obtain the services of an attorney. We conclude that the diligence applied by Hasty in his effort to hire counsel was reasonable as a matter of law.

2. There remains the question of whether he is entitled to a new trial. If he waived court-appointed counsel in a manner required by law, then the fact that representation was by himself would not require a new trial.

" 'A person charged with a felony in a state court has an unconditional and absolute constitutional right to a lawyer. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 [83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963) ]. This right attaches at the pleading stage of the criminal process, Rice v. Olsen, 324 U.S. 786 [65 S.Ct. 989, 89 L.Ed. 1367 (1945) ], and may be waived only by voluntary and knowing action. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 [58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938) ]; Carnley v. Cochran, 369 U.S. 506 [82 S.Ct. 884, 8 L.Ed.2d 70 (1962) ]. Waiver will not be "lightly presumed," and a trial judge must "indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver." Johnson, supra, 304 U.S. at 464 .' Boyd v. Dutton, 405 U.S. 1, 2 (92 SC 759 , 30 LE2d 755). 'It is clear, however, that should a defendant choose to represent himself, he must have an opportunity to voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waive his right to counsel.' Rogers v. State, 156 Ga.App. 466(1) (274 SE2d 815)." Fernandez v. State, 171 Ga.App. 290, 292, 319 S.E.2d 503 (1984). See also Callaway v. State, supra. Cf. Mock v. State, 163 Ga.App. 320, 321, 293 S.E.2d 525 (1982).

"[T]he standard for waiver requires an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege, and the ' "constitutional right of the accused to be represented by counsel invokes, of itself, the protection of a trial court, in which the accused--whose life or liberty is at stake--is without counsel. This protecting duty imposes the serious and weighty responsibility upon the trial judge of determining whether there is an intelligent and competent waiver by the accused. While an accused may waive the right to counsel, whether there is a proper waiver should be clearly determined by the trial court, and it would be fitting and appropriate for that determination to appear on the record." Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (58 SC 1019, 82 LE2d 1461) (1937).' Clarke v. Zant, 247 Ga. 194, 196 (275 SE2d 49) (1981). [Cits.]" Butler v. State, 198 Ga.App. 217, 220(1), 401 S.E.2d 43 (1990).

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