Hawkins v. Switchback MX, LLC

• Decision Date: 12 September 2018
• Docket Number: CIVIL ACTION NO. 2:16-CV-1719
• Citation: 339 F.Supp.3d 543
• Parties: Kameron HAWKINS and Amber Lynn Durbin, Plaintiffs v. SWITCHBACK MX, LLC d/b/a Switchback Raceway, Defendant
• Court: U.S. District Court — Western District of Pennsylvania

339 F.Supp.3d 543

Kameron HAWKINS and Amber Lynn Durbin, Plaintiffs

v.SWITCHBACK MX, LLC d/b/a Switchback Raceway, Defendant

CIVIL ACTION NO. 2:16-CV-1719

United States District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania.

Signed September 12, 2018

George R. Farneth, II, The Farneth Law Group, LLC, Wellsburg, WV, Shane D. Valenzi, Galanter Tomosovich LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, for Plaintiffs.

Michael John Pawk, Lutz & Pawk, Butler, PA, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM

Christopher C. Conner, Chief Judge

Plaintiff Kameron Hawkins ("Hawkins") suffered injuries after he unsuccessfully attempted a jump while riding a dirt bike on an indoor course at defendant Switchback Raceway ("Switchback"). Hawkins and his mother, plaintiff Amber Lynn Durbin ("Durbin"), commenced this diversity action advancing three negligence claims against Switchback under Pennsylvania law. Before the court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment.

I. Factual Background and Procedural History ¹

This personal injury lawsuit arises from physical injuries suffered by Hawkins following a dirt bike accident at Switchback's off-road riding and racing facility in Butler, Pennsylvania. Switchback promotes and stages dirt bike races for participants of all skill levels. (Doc. 28 ¶ 1; Doc. 32 ¶ 2). Switchback's website articulates its waiver and consent policy as follows:

Dirtbike/ATV riding is dangerous. Accidents, injuries, and even death can occur. Ride at your own risk! All riders must sign a waiver before they will [be] permitted to ride. Minors will be required to have parental consent. During practice, there are limited to no flaggers. Please, ride safely.

Click here to download a pdf copy of the waiver (250k).

There is no trespassing on Switchback property. Anyone caught trespassing will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.

All minors that come without their legal parents they must have a NOTARIZED waiver to be able to ride. NO EXCEPTIONS.

(Doc. 30-9 at 1). Switchback's track manager, Mark Brader ("Brader"), testified that, pursuant to this policy, a minor is not be permitted to ride without a signed parental consent form and waiver. (Brader Dep. 29:5-18, 42:13-21).² He also testified that it was his responsibility to ensure that minors did not misrepresent their age or otherwise engage in efforts to improperly gain access to the track. (Id. at 56:4-8; see also Doc. 28 ¶ 10).

Hawkins began riding a dirt bike at the age of five or six. (Doc. 32 ¶ 4). He learned the ins and outs of dirt bike riding from his father, who raced dirt bikes and often brought Hawkins to spectate at off-road races. (See id. ¶¶ 7-9; Hawkins Dep. 20:5-22:4 ("Hawkins Dep.") ). Hawkins began participating in races himself at "a young age" and even secured sponsorships. (Doc. 32 ¶ 6). He testified that he was aware of the dangers of riding dirt bikes from early on in his experience, that his father instructed him to avoid jumps that "you don't think you can handle," and that he wore protective gear to guard against the risk of injury. (Id. ¶¶ 7-8; Hawkins Dep. 21:20-22:21, 38:22-39:25, 133:3-12, 147:18-148:6). He acknowledges that dirt bike riding is "a dangerous sport," that "you could get hurt" on a dirt bike, and that a fall could cause "injury ... or even death." (Hawkins Dep. 25:17-26:4, 38:13-21, 39:14-25, 147:18-148:6). Despite his protective measures, Hawkins has suffered injuries in the past riding a dirt bike. (Doc. 32 ¶ 14; see also Hawkins Dep. 38:22-39:25, 133:3-12). Hawkins had been to Switchback on three prior occasions: once as a spectator, once as pit crew member for his friend Jonathan Franjko ("Franjko"), and once as a rider. (Doc. 32 ¶ 28).

The events preceding Hawkins' accident on January 9, 2016 are disputed by the parties and not fully explored in the Rule 56 record. According to Hawkins, he arrived at Switchback with several friends and met with Brader, who asked them whether they had been to Switchback before. (Hawkins Dep. 49:5-12). Hawkins relayed that, after the group responded affirmatively, Brader told them to sign in, accepted their payment, and provided them with wristbands to attach to their helmets to indicate they had been authorized to ride. (See id. ) He denied ever being asked to present identification and did not recall being asked his age. (Id. at 133:13-23).

Switchback's account diverges considerably. According to Brader, Hawkins entered the indoor facility on January 9, 2016 with Franjko, who had a Switchback membership card. (See Brader Dep. 56:9-18). Brader did not recognize Hawkins and thought he appeared to be under the age of 18. (See id. at 56:19-57:2). Brader reported that he told Hawkins he needed to "take home a waiver and fill it out" and that he had to "bring [the waiver] out next time and join us another day." (Id. at 56:23-57:6). Brader does not recall Hawkins signing in on Switchback's sign-in sheet for January 9, 2016, but testified that he told Hawkins he "could not ride" without waiver and consent forms on file. (Id. at 76:12-77:1). Brader also testified that he does not know how Hawkins ultimately came to access the track on January 9, 2016. (Id. at 91:12-16). It is undisputed that Durbin did not execute a parental consent form allowing Hawkins to participate in dirt bike riding at Switchback. (Doc. 28 ¶ 12).

On January 9, 2016, Hawkins somehow gained access Switchback's indoor dirt bike racing track. (See Doc. 28 ¶ 13; Doc. 32 ¶¶ 1, 13, 31). Hawkins "attempted a jump, without enough speed," on one of the track's "table top jumps," which caused the frame of his dirt bike to hit the ground and "flip [the] bike and Hawkins over." (Doc. 32 ¶¶ 13, 31). According to Brader, it was only after this wreck that he became aware that Hawkins had accessed the track. (See Brader Dep. 57:4-11). Brader testified that Hawkins "didn't look right" and that he offered to call an ambulance. (Id. at 82:10-83:12). Franjko confirmed that Brader asked "a couple times" whether Hawkins wanted medical attention. (See Franjko Dep. 58:12-59:1). Hawkins left Switchback's facility with his friends without receiving medical attention. (See Doc. 28 ¶ 17; Doc. 39 ¶ 17). Hawkins was subsequently treated for injuries including a lacerated kidney and pancreas, trauma to his spleen, a broken hip, a concussion, and post-concussion syndrome. (Doc. 28 ¶ 18). The accident occurred four months before Hawkins' 18th birthday. (See Doc. 32 ¶ 3).

Hawkins and Durbin commenced this lawsuit on November 15, 2016, asserting one claim of negligence each and one claim of negligence per se together. Plaintiffs contend that Switchback violated its internal policies and its legal duty of care by failing to ensure that Hawkins, a minor, did not access its facility without parental consent. The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment on each of the plaintiffs' claims. The motions are fully briefed and ripe for disposition.

II. Legal Standard

Through summary adjudication, the court may dispose of those claims that do not present a "genuine dispute as to any material fact" and for which a jury trial would be an empty and unnecessary formality. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). The burden of proof tasks the non-moving party to come forth with "affirmative evidence, beyond the allegations of the pleadings," in support of its right to relief. Pappas v. City of Lebanon, 331 F.Supp.2d 311, 315 (M.D. Pa. 2004) ; see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The court is to view the evidence "in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party's favor." Thomas v. Cumberland County, 749 F.3d 217, 222 (3d Cir. 2014). This evidence must be adequate, as a matter of law, to sustain a judgment in favor of the non-moving party on the claims. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250-57, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) ; Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-89, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). Only if this threshold is met may the cause of action proceed. See Pappas, 331 F.Supp.2d at 315.

Courts are permitted to resolve cross-motions for summary judgment concurrently. See Lawrence v. City of Phila., 527 F.3d 299, 310 (3d Cir. 2008) ; see also Johnson v. Fed. Express Corp., 996 F.Supp.2d 302, 312 (M.D. Pa. 2014) ; 10A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET AL. , FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2720 (3d ed. 2015). When doing so, the court is bound to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party with respect to each motion. FED. R. CIV. P. 56 ; Lawrence, 527 F.3d at 310 (quoting Rains v. Cascade Indus., Inc., 402 F.2d 241, 245 (3d Cir. 1968) ).

III. Discussion

Pennsylvania substantive law governs the negligence claims raised by the plaintiffs in this diversity action. See Maghakian v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., 171 F.Supp.3d 353, 358 (M.D. Pa. 2016) (citing Chamberlain v. Giampapa, 210 F.3d 154, 158 (3d Cir. 2000) ); see also Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938). Under Pennsylvania law, a plaintiff must prove the "four basic elements of duty, breach, causation, and damages." Perez v. Great Wolf Lodge of the Poconos LLC, 200 F.Supp.3d 471, 478 (M.D. Pa. 2016) (quoting Loughran v. Phillies, 888 A.2d 872, 874 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005) ). That is, plaintiffs must prove: (1) the existence of a legal duty requiring a certain standard of conduct; (2) breach of that duty by the defendant; (3) a causal connection between defendant's breach and plaintiffs' injury; and (4) actual loss or damages. Id. (quoting Berrier v. Simplicity Mfg., Inc., 563 F.3d 38, 61 (3d Cir. 2009) ).

The parties' cross-motions for summary judgment concenter on two disputes: first , whether Switchback owed a legal duty of care to Hawkins in view of the no-duty rule set forth in Pennsylvania's Comparative Negligence Act, 42 PA. CONS. STAT. § 7102, and second , whether Hawkins assumed the risk of injury, negating any duty of care, by engaging in an activity which he...