Herald Company v. Vincent

• Decision Date: 22 March 1968
• Docket Number: No. 336,Docket 31999.,336
• Citation: 392 F.2d 354
• Parties: The HERALD COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Merle D. VINCENT, Jr., Regional Director, Region 3, of the National Labor Relations Board and John H. Fanning, Gerald A. Brown, Howard Jenkins, Jr. and Sam Zagoria, constituting the National Labor Relations Board, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

392 F.2d 354 (1968)

The HERALD COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Merle D. VINCENT, Jr., Regional Director, Region 3, of the National Labor Relations Board and John H. Fanning, Gerald A. Brown, Howard Jenkins, Jr. and Sam Zagoria, constituting the National Labor Relations Board, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 336, Docket 31999.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued February 5, 1968.

Decided March 22, 1968.

Tracy H. Ferguson, Syracuse, N. Y. (Bond, Schoeneck & King, Charles T. Beeching, Jr., Syracuse, N. Y., on the brief), for plaintiff-appellant.

Robert M. Lieber, Washington, D. C. (Arnold Ordman, Gen. Counsel, Dominick L. Manoli, Associate Gen. Counsel, Marcel Mallet-Prevost, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Solomon I. Hirsh, Atty., N. L. R. B., on the brief), for defendants-appellees.

Before WATERMAN and FEINBERG, Circuit Judges, and BARTELS, District Judge.^*

FEINBERG, Circuit Judge:

This case is an attempt by an employer to obtain district court review of the conduct of a representation proceeding by the National Labor Relations Board. Plaintiff The Herald Company appeals from the dismissal of its complaint and denial of its motion for a preliminary injunction by the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York, Stephen W. Brennan, J. Plaintiff's action is against the Board and its Regional Director; claiming that it has been denied procedural due process, plaintiff seeks to enjoin an election among plaintiff's distributors to select a collective bargaining representative. Because we believe the district court had no jurisdiction over this action, we affirm the dismissal of the complaint.

The Herald Company is the publisher of two Syracuse newspapers. These newspapers are delivered to home delivery subscribers, newsstands and street peddlers by over one hundred distributors, who have contracted with Herald to make the deliveries. About June 27, 1966, the Building Service Employees International Union, Local 200, AFL-CIO, filed a petition with the Regional Office of the Board seeking certification as the collective bargaining representative of the distributors. Herald resisted strenuously, claiming that the distributors were not employees but were independent contractors, expressly exempted from the coverage of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 152(3). Over a year later, after extensive hearings and the submission of briefs, the Regional Director decided that the distributors were employees and directed a representation election. On August 15, 1967, Herald filed a petition for review of the Regional Director's decision, again arguing, inter alia, that the distributors were not employees. This petition was denied by the Board on November 15, 1967.

It is upon the events which followed that Herald claims a denial of due process. On November 22, 1967, Herald moved the Board and the Regional Director to reconsider the petition to review, to reopen the record in the representation proceeding, and to stay the election. The asserted ground for the motion was "additional and newly discovered evidence": Earlier in November, forty-seven of the distributors had given notice to home delivery subscribers that they would be charged for evening and Sunday newspapers ten cents per week more than a new proposed price set by Herald. Herald asserted that this action was most significant in determining whether the distributors were independent contractors or employees. The motion for reconsideration also stated that Herald had already begun an action against the forty-seven distributors in New York Supreme Court to enjoin them from charging more than the newspaper price established by Herald. As part of its motion papers, Herald submitted its complaint and other supporting papers in the state action; it also asked the Board and the Regional Director to defer action on the motion and stay proceedings until the defendants in the state action filed their answers. On November 28, the union submitted to the Board a reply in letter form, pointing out that the representation hearing had been conducted on twenty-five separate days, resulting in over 2,800 pages of record and approximately 200 exhibits. The reply asserted that plaintiff had illegally refused to bargain with the distributors for seventeen months, that Herald had unilaterally determined to increase its newspaper price to customers, that this would have a substantial effect on the earnings and conditions of employment of the distributors, that plaintiff attempted to force each one individually to assume extra duties in order to share in the price increase, that the entire matter was a labor dispute, and that Herald's motion was a device to delay an election.

On December 4, the Board sent a telegram to Herald denying its motion to reconsider "as lacking in merit." The following day, the Regional Director notified Herald by telegram that he denied its motion to reopen the representation proceeding. Thereafter, Herald submitted to the Board and the Regional Director copies of the answering affidavit of the distributors in the state action, in which the distributors did not deny that they had attempted to raise the prices charged to subscribers above those set by Herald. However, the distributors' affidavit repeated the allegations about the controversy previously made to the Board, ending with the assertion that the entire matter was a labor dispute within the exclusive purview of the Board.

On December 11, 1967, Herald commenced this action in the United States District Court. The complaint alleged that the Board's refusal "to give due consideration to plaintiff's motion * * * in light of the new evidence" was arbitrary, capricious, and a deprivation of due process. Accordingly, Herald sought to compel the Board and the Regional Director to receive the evidence and reconsider their decisions before any election. Following a hearing on December 21, 1967, Judge Brennan ordered the complaint dismissed and denied the injunction. This appeal followed on an expedited basis. Meanwhile, the election was held, resulting in 2-1 approval of the union as the distributors' bargaining agent.¹

Plaintiff itself recognizes that an action to review a representation proceeding is not usually cognizable by the district court. Certification by the Board is not an "order" subject to judicial review, AFL v. NLRB, 308 U.S. 401, 60 S.Ct. 300, 84 L.Ed. 347 (1940). Normally, review of certification proceedings must await a final order by the Board in an unfair labor practice proceeding under sections 10(e), (f) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, 29 U.S.C. §§ 160(e), (f), upon which the record of the certification proceeding becomes part of the record for review pursuant to section 9(d), 29 U.S.C. § 159(d). The requirement that the employer first be found guilty of an unfair labor practice by the Board, usually a refusal to bargain under section 8(a) (5), 29 U.S.C. § 158(a) (5), before he can obtain review by a court of appeals of the alleged errors in the certification proceeding may be burdensome to the employer. However, allowing immediate review of certifications under an earlier statute had "brought collective bargaining to a standstill." See Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action 357 (1965). Therefore, this delayed review procedure is clearly the result intended by Congress. See Goldberg, District Court Review of NLRB Representation Proceedings, 42 Ind.L.J. 453, 460-65 (1967).

However, the courts have established certain very limited exceptions to this doctrine. Broadly stated, they are: A district court may intervene when the Board has acted clearly contrary to the statute, Leedom v. Kyne, 358 U.S. 184, 79 S.Ct. 180, 3 L.Ed.2d 210 (1958); Miami Newspaper Printing Pressmen's Union Local 46 v. McCulloch, 116 U.S. App.D.C. 243, 322 F.2d 993 (D.C.Cir. 1963); when there are international ramifications to the Board's error, McCulloch v. Sociedad Nacional de Marineros, 372 U.S. 10, 83 S.Ct. 671, 9 L.Ed.2d 547 (1963); and when there is an assertion of a violation of constitutional rights which is "not transparently frivolous." Fay v. Douds, 172 F.2d 720 (2d Cir. 1949). Plaintiff relies on this last exception to the general rule; it asserts denial of due process in the Board's failure to consider the evidence concerning the institution of the price rise by the distributors and to defer action until all the facts could be developed. It may be conceded that the Board's telegram that Herald's motion was denied "as lacking in merit" was cryptic. One cannot tell whether denial was based on procedural or substantive grounds; i. e., whether the Board viewed the proffered evidence as not "newly discovered" or as unlikely to lead to a different result. But in either event, we regard the constitutional argument as insubstantial.

If the Board rejected the evidence on procedural grounds, it was certainly entitled to do so. It is undisputed in the record that Herald knew on November 3, 1967, if not earlier, about the proposed action of the distributors, which was to occur on November 6. At that time, the Board had not yet ruled on Herald's petition to review the Regional Director's decision, and did not announce its decision until twelve days later, on November 15. However, Herald did not bring the evidence to the Board's attention until seven days after the Board had ruled, and then it did so on the theory that the evidence was "additional and newly discovered." The union's reply to Herald's motion to reconsider pointed to the length of the proceedings and accused Herald of stalling tactics. Whether the Board's denial of the motion was "peremptory," as the district judge thought, or whether the Board exercised wise judgment, is not the issue. The question is whether the Board's action was so arbitrary and capricious as to afford a not insubstantial claim of unconstitutionality. All proceedings, whether before an administrative agency or a court...