Hutchinson v. State

• Decision Date: 18 June 1975
• Docket Number: No. 74--335,74--335
• Citation: 315 So.2d 546
• Parties: Robert L. HUTCHINSON, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 546

315 So.2d 546

Robert L. HUTCHINSON, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 74--335.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.

June 18, 1975.

James A. Gardner, Public Defender, Sarasota, and Ellen Condon, Asst. Public Defender, Tampa, for appellant.

E. J. Salcines, State's Atty., and J. Scott Taylor, Asst. State's Atty., Tampa, for appellee.

HOBSON, Judge.

Appellant was charged by information on July 6, 1973 with attempted conspiracy to commit first degree murder. After trial by jury, he was found guilty as charged. On this appeal, appellant raises the question of whether or not the crime of attempted conspiracy exists under Florida law.

The facts as disclosed by the State's principal witness, Wayne Pledger, show that appellant met with Pledger at a gas station and there told him that Dutch Thomas, a business agent for the Iron Workers Union, was getting too powerful and should be 'gotten rid of.' Appellant then stated that he did not want to be around when Thomas was 'gotten rid of' and that he was looking for someone to help him. Pledger was asked how much it would cost to find someone to do the job. Although appellant suggested that there would be money in it for Pledger if he found someone, he did not mention an amount. Pledger told appellant that he would need a few days to think about the matter, but stated that he never intended to follow through with appellant's suggestion. He later reported the incident to the State Attorney's office.

As to these facts disclosed in the record, we note that appellant could have been charged with the crime of common law solicitation under Fla.Stat. § 775.01 (1973), which makes the common law of England in relation to crimes applicable in Florida where there is no existing provision by statute. See, Holland v. State, Fla.App.2d 1974, 302 So.2d 806. However, as we construe Fla.Stat. § 776.04 (1973), the general attempt statute is not applicable to the inchoate crime of conspiracy.

Florida Statute § 776.04 (1973) provides in pertinent part:

'Whoever attempts to commit an offense prohibited by law and in such attempt does any act toward the commission of such an offense, but fails in the perpetration, or is intercepted or prevented in the execution of the same, shall, when no express provision is made by law for the punishment of such attempt, be punished as follows . . ..'

Initially, we emphasize that the legislature can pass any act which their wisdom dictates so long as such act is not in conflict, either expressly or impliedly, with any provision of the State or Federal Constitutions. Farragut v. City of Tampa, 1945, 156 Fla. 107, 22 So.2d 645. In construing a criminal statutory provision, the primary function of the court is to give effect to the intent of the legislature; and in so doing, each section of the criminal code should be considered in making this determination. But it is also axiomatic that statutes creating and defining crimes cannot be extended by construction or interpretation to punish an act, however wrongful, unless clearly within the intent and terms of the statute. Bradley v. State, 1920, 79 Fla. 651, 84 So. 677.

Insofar as our research indicates, there is no case law in Florida or other jurisdictions which proscribes or defines attempted conspiracy. We note that § 776.04 purports to prohibit an attempt to commit any offense prohibited by law. Since there is no express limitating language as to what crimes may or may not be criminally attempted, the statute would appear to prohibit attempted conspiracy if it were not for the remaining language of the statute, and the history and judicial construction of the crime of attempt. Construing the words 'and in such an attempt does any act toward commission of such an offense but fails in the perpetration, or is intercepted or prevented in the execution of the same,' we think the legislature intended to limit attempts to physical acts carried beyond preparation toward proximate accomplishment of what would be a complete crime. In this respect, solicitation and conspiracy are more remote from the actual perpetration of the intended crime than is an attempt to commit it. This conclusion is supported by Florida courts that have interpreted an attempt to consist of two essential elements: 1) a specific intent to commit the crime; and 2) a separate overt, ineffectual act done toward its commission: Robinson v. State, Fla.App.3d 1972, 263 So.2d 595; Groneau v. State, Fla.App.4th 1967, 201 So.2d 599; Gustine v. State, 1923, 86 Fla. 24, 97 So. 207. In this same vein, the Standard Jury Instruction on Attempt charges that some physical act must be done toward the completion of the crime.

Generally, the crime of attempt has permitted courts to fill a gap in a definition of criminal conduct, giving them the power to extend a criminal statute to fill that gap without distorting its language. Whether the power to punish a criminal attempt will be applied to any particular crime often depends upon the attitude of a court toward the advisability of extending the law prohibiting the particular crime. Arnold, Criminal Attempts, The Rise and Fall of An Abstraction, 40 Yale Law Journal 53, 75--76 (1930). With respect to attempt, it has been said that where the substantive offense is in the nature of an attempt, there can be no conviction for an attempt to commit it since this would merely be an attempt to attempt. 21 Am.Jur.2d, Crim.Law § 110; 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 74; 1 Wharton's Crim.Law 154--155 (Anderson's Ed. 1957); See, Huebner v. State, 33 Wis.2d 505, 147 N.W.2d 646 (1967); Commonwealth v. Willard, 179 Pa.Super. 368, 116 A.2d 751 (1955); Wiseman v. Commonwealth, 143 Va. 631, 130 S.E. 249 (1925). As to the physical conduct of criminal assault, a number of jurisdictions have held that an attempted assault is a logical absurdity. See, In Re M, 9 Cal.3d 517, 108 Cal.Rptr. 89, 510 P.2d 33 (1973); Allen v. People, 175 Colo. 113, 485 P.2d 886 (1971); however, others have permitted such a conviction, where assault was not interpeted as an attempted battery. See, e.g., State v. Wilson, 218 Or. 575, 346 P.2d 115 (1959); Annot., 79 A.L.R.2d 598.

With respect to the crime of solicitation, the great weight of American authority holds as a general proposition that mere criminal solicitation of another to commit a crime does not itself constitute an attempt. Perkins, Criminal Law, 505, 508 (1957). This proposition has been particularly...