Huthnance v. Dist. of D.C., Civil Action No. 06–1871(RCL).

• Decision Date: 22 June 2011
• Docket Number: Civil Action No. 06–1871(RCL).
• Citation: 793 F.Supp.2d 177
• Parties: Lindsay HUTHNANCE, Plaintiff,v.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Columbia

793 F.Supp.2d 177

Lindsay HUTHNANCE, Plaintiff,

v.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., Defendants.

Civil Action No. 06–1871(RCL).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

June 22, 2011.

Andrew S. Hudson, Jeffrey David Skinner, John Moustakas, Goodwin Procter, LLP, Arthur B. Spitzer, American Civil Liberties Union, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.Corliss Vaughn Adams, Office of The Attorney General, Dwayne C. Jefferson, Kerslyn D. Featherstone, Michael J. Lanzdorf, Patricia Ann Jones, D.C. Attorney General's Office, Washington, DC, for Defendants.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

ROYCE C. LAMBERTH, Chief Judge.I. Introduction

On the first day of trial in this case, this Court granted plaintiff's motion to prohibit the District from using several pieces of evidence it attempted to introduce on the eve of trial. At that time, the Court took plaintiff's Motion for Sanctions against the District's counsel under advisement. This Court has now had ample time to consider the sanctions issue. Having reviewed the Motion for Sanctions, the District's Opposition, plaintiff's Reply, the record of this case, and the applicable law at length, the Court denies plaintiff's Motion for Sanctions for the reasons that follow.

Huthnance's indignation at the District is understandable. Her fourth trial date was hours away. Her case—which she had honed and tweaked for years in preparation for this trial date—was premised on the District's admissions, answers to key interrogatories, and production of certain smoking-gun documents. Both parties knew about and had relied upon these key pieces of evidence for years, and Huthnance and this Court heard nary a peep of dissent or dispute regarding any of them from the District at any point during the years leading up to this the fourth trial date. Yet, shockingly, the District decided to try to change many of these fundamental factual predicates the Saturday evening before the Monday morning trial—without moving this Court for leave to do so. Thus, Huthnance was forced to flitter away the critical moments leading up to her trial date drafting a motion to shelter herself from the District's most recent bombshell.

Huthnance might find some comfort in the fact that it could be worse; she could have received this discovery after trial ended. See DL v. District of Columbia, No. 05–1437, 274 F.R.D. 320, 2011 WL 1770468 (D.D.C. May 9, 2011). Indeed, the District's behavior in this case may have surprised Huthnance, but it wouldn't surprise anyone familiar with the District's unique approach to the discovery process. This sort of behavior is quickly becoming the rule for the District—not the exception. It's no exaggeration to say that to be on the safe side, the District's litigation adversaries would be well-advised not to begin preparing for trial until after it's under way because it's very likely that the District will not produce key discovery until then—at the earliest. Id.

The question before this Court today, though, isn't whether the District's conduct in this case meets the Federal Rules' standard—it clearly hasn't. The question is whether the District's current counsel ought to pay the price for the District's serious transgressions. Thus, this Court must carefully identify that portion of the District's intolerable discovery conduct—if any—for which its current counsel ought to be held liable.

Drawing that distinction is made particularly difficult by another of the District's common practices—switching lead counsel in the months leading up to trial. District counsel understandably point out that—to a large extent—they're just victims of circumstance. Defs.' Opp'n to Plaintiff's Emergency Mot. Strike Supplemental Discovery Responses and Imposition of Sanctions (“Opp'n”) 10, Apr. 28, 2011, ECF No. 242. They can't possibly be held responsible for this situation, the argument goes, because they only arrived on the scene in October and November 2010, very late into this years-old litigation. Opp'n 2. They found themselves saddled with the unenviable responsibility of undoing the mistakes of those who came before them. Opp'n 10.

Huthnance concedes that this is true for the most part. Pl.'s Reply Support Mot. Sanctions (“Reply”) 3, May 9, 2011, ECF No. 246 (“Plaintiff and her counsel accept the factual representations made by defense counsel in the District's opposition.”). She only holds the District's current counsel responsible for a few discrete aspects of the current messy situation. First, she claims that even if they were late to the game, there was no excuse for the serious tardiness of these discovery alterations. Reply 3. Second, she claims that the District was aware of many of these problems two weeks before it decided to attempt these changes and thus should have let her and this Court know about them earlier. Reply 3. Finally, she argues that to the extent the District's counsel was allowed to make these changes, it had to seek leave of court to do so, and its failure on that front is sanctionable. Reply 3.

Having won her case already, Huthnance seeks only nominal sanctions, which she says would serve the symbolic purpose of putting the District, its counsel, and others on notice that this sort of behavior won't be tolerated. Reply 3. Although it's a close question, this Court concludes that the District's counsels' behavior in this case doesn't warrant even nominal sanctions against the currently assigned counsel.

II. Legal Standard Under 28 U.S.C. § 1927

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, a court “may,” but need not, sanction (1) an “attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases” in federal court (2) who “multiplies the proceedings ... unreasonably and vexatiously” (3) with “the excess costs, expenses and attorneys' fees” (4) “reasonably incurred” by an opposing party “because of such conduct.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927 (2008). Although a finding of bad faith is essential to the imposition of sanctions under a court's inherent power, the D.C. Circuit “has not yet established whether the standard [for unreasonable and vexatious conduct under section 1927] should be ‘recklessness' or the more stringent ‘bad faith.’ ” LaPrade v. Kidder Peabody & Co., Inc., 146 F.3d 899, 905 (D.C.Cir.1998) (citing United States v. Wallace, 964 F.2d 1214, 1218–19 (D.C.Cir.1992)).

Even assuming, for the sake of argument, that recklessness is the appropriate standard, Section 1927 may not be used as a “ ‘catch-all’ provision ... for sanctioning any and all ... conduct courts want to discourage.” Peterson v. BMI Refractories, 124 F.3d 1386, 1396 (11th Cir.1997). Recklessness is a “high threshold ... and in general requires deliberate action in the face of a known risk, the likelihood or impact of which the actor inexcusably underestimates or ignores.” Wallace, 964 F.2d at 1219–20 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted). Accordingly, even under a recklessness standard, the assessment of attorneys' fees and costs under Section 1927 would remain “ ‘a power which the courts should exercise only in instances of a serious and studied disregard for the orderly process of justice.’ ” Id. at 1220 (quoting Overnite Transp. Co. v. Chi. Indus. Tire Co., 697 F.2d 789, 795 (7th Cir.1983)).

Thus, in the only case where the D.C. Circuit has awarded Section 1927 sanctions based on a recklessness standard, counsel had refused—both in the trial court and at several turns on appeal—to identify the disputed facts that he contended required a trial of the case. Reliance Ins. Co. v. Sweeney Corp., Md., 792 F.2d 1137, 1138–39 (D.C.Cir.1986). This was the very sort of “repeated or singularly egregious” behavior required before Section 1927 may be employed. Wallace, 964 F.2d at 1220.

By the same token, courts shouldn't use Section 1927 to penalize “an attorney who might be guilty of no more than a mistake in professional judgment.” Baker Indus. v. Cerberus, Ltd., 764 F.2d 204, 209 (3d Cir.1985). Courts are unanimous that unintended, inadvertent, or even negligent conduct won't support an assessment of fees and costs under Section 1927, no matter how “annoying” or frustrating to the trial judge it might be. Wallace, 964 F.2d at 1219, 1220; see also Holmes v. City of Massillon, 78 F.3d 1041, 1049 (6th Cir.1996) (holding that to justify Section 1927 sanction, “attorney's misconduct, while not required to have been carried out in bad faith, must amount to more than simple inadvertence or negligence that has frustrated the trial judge”). Moreover, regardless of whether a bad faith or a recklessness standard applies, a finding of “vexatiousness” under Section 1927, like a finding of litigation misconduct under a court's inherent power, must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. E.g., Shafii v. British Airways, PLC, 83 F.3d 566, 571 (2d Cir.1996). There is no such evidence in this case.

III. Analysis

Huthnance's first and second arguments are really just two ways of saying the same thing: the District's counsel should have notified Huthnance and the Court of these problems sooner. The problem with this argument is that the District's current counsel aren't responsible for the mistakes that led to the need for these late changes. Instead, they discovered...