In re Estate of Walter

• Decision Date: 20 November 2003
• Docket Number: No. 02CA1574.,02CA1574.
• Citation: 97 P.3d 188
• Parties: In the Matter of the ESTATE OF Jacob J. WALTER, Deceased. Katie J. Walter, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Adam J. Walter, Personal Representative of the Estate of Jacob J. Walter; M. Margaret Semple, Heir; Rose Evans, Heir; Adam Walter, Heir; and the Estate of Robert Walter, Deceased, Respondents-Appellees.
• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals

97 P.3d 188

In the Matter of the ESTATE OF Jacob J. WALTER, Deceased.

Katie J. Walter, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Adam J. Walter, Personal Representative of the Estate of Jacob J. Walter; M. Margaret Semple, Heir; Rose Evans, Heir; Adam Walter, Heir; and the Estate of Robert Walter, Deceased, Respondents-Appellees.

No. 02CA1574.

Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. V.

November 20, 2003.

Certiorari Denied August 16, 2004.

Karen S. Renne, Pine, Colorado, for Petitioner-Appellant.

Epperson, and McClary, Andrew F. McClary, Fort Morgan, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellee Adam J. Walter.

Edward L. Zorn, Fort Morgan, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellee M. Margaret Semple.

Montgomery Little & McGrew, P.C., Patrick T. O'Rourke, Greenwood Village, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellee Rose Evans.

Gordon F. Esplin, Fort Collins, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellee Adam Walter.

Arnold Ross and Singer, LLP, Michael K. Singer, Sterling, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellee the Estate of Robert Walter, Deceased.

Opinion by Judge ROY.

In this probate proceeding, petitioner, Katie Walter (heir), a sister and heir of Jacob J. Walter (testator), appeals a trial court order finding that she is not an interested party in testator's estate and that, following the termination of a trust for a term of years, the estate escheats to the State of Colorado if none of the income and residuary beneficiaries survive at that time. We affirm.

Testator executed his Last Will and Testament (the Will) on August 18, 1997, and died August 6, 1999, without issue. His wife predeceased him. Testator was survived by five siblings, one nephew, and one niece.

The Will, in pertinent part, states:

[I]t was agreed upon by us before her [wife's] death that certain [of wife's] relatives and [my] relatives would participate in my estate. So, persons so named in this my Will of both sides of our families named will participate, and any of these not named, I am not unmindful of these persons but they will not participate, other than so named and devised.

Testator then bequeathed certain real and personal property to three of his siblings who are also beneficiaries of the residuary trust. The residuary was places in a trust for twenty years, naming the three siblings and a nephew (devisees), or the survivors of them, as income and remainder beneficiaries. With respect to the residuary trust, the Will states:

I ... devise ... all the rest, residue and remainder of my property ... including the amount of any devise or bequest that may lapse or fail to take effect to my Trustees, hereinafter named in Trust ... and the rents and interest, accumulated from said Trust shall be paid out annually to the following persons as follows: To [devisees], in equal shares but if any of the above die, then to the survivors in equal shares.

....

The Trust shall terminate twenty years after my death, with all real estate being sold at that time and the principal and interest accrued shall be devised to the following: To [devisees], but if any of the above are deceased, at the period ending twenty years, then to the survivors named above in equal shares.

Despite the recitation of an agreement with his wife to divide his estate between their families, testator made no bequests to members of her family. In addition, the youngest beneficiary of the trust now living was sixty-nine years old on testator's date of death and will have to survive to eighty-nine to survive the termination of the trust.

The named personal representative sought to admit the Will to informal probate. Heir challenged the Will, asserting lack of capacity and undue influence. Following a bench trial, the trial court rejected that challenge, but deferred ruling on the testamentary trust.

Heir, together with a sister (omitted heirs), then filed a petition for declaratory judgment, pursuant to § 15-11-101, et seq., C.R.S.2003, and C.R.C.P. 57, in the probate proceedings. They asked the court to determine that they were contingent beneficiaries of the trust, which would entitle them to notice of any private successors' agreement initiated by the devisees. The devisees argued that the omitted heirs were excluded from the estate, and so they were not contingent remaindermen or beneficiaries of the trust and have no interest in the estate.

After a hearing, the trial court concluded that the omitted heirs must be notified in writing if the devisees desire to alter the distribution of the trust assets or enter into a private agreement among successors pursuant to § 15-12-912, C.R.S.2003. The trial court further required that the omitted heirs, upon request, receive an annual accounting and other information set forth in § 15-16-303, C.R.S.2003.

A devisee filed a motion to reconsider the order as it related to an annual accounting. Following a response from the omitted heirs, the court granted the devisee's motion and dismissed the omitted heirs' petition for declaratory judgment for lack of standing and ripeness.

Three of the devisees then filed a motion to construe the trust provisions of the Will and approve a proposed private agreement authorized by § 15-12-912. One of the devisees requested a determination that the four devisees were the only persons affected by the terms of the trust.

The trial court, through a different judge, concluded that the omitted heirs have no interest in the estate and are not required to be parties to, or to have notice of, a private agreement under § 15-12-912. It also concluded that the devisees constitute the only persons who are affected by the terms of the Will within the meaning of § 15-12-912 and that they may enter into a private agreement. However, the trial court further concluded that the "State of Colorado should be notified of any agreement" because of the possibility of "an escheat to the State." Heir appeals the order.

I.

Heir first contends that the trial court's earlier order requiring that she be notified of any proposed agreement determined that she had an interest in the estate and constituted the law of the case. Therefore, she argues that the subsequent order to the contrary violated the law of the case doctrine. We disagree.

The law of the case doctrine is a discretionary rule providing that courts must generally follow prior rulings in the same case. Fortner v. Cousar, 992 P.2d 697 (Colo.App.1999); Verzuh v. Rouse, 660 P.2d 1301 (Colo.App.1982). The doctrine applies to decisions of law, rather than to the resolution of factual questions, and it discourages reconsideration only of the ruling itself, not of a court's preliminary opinion on questions of fact or law related to the ruling. Fortner v. Cousar, supra; Governor's Ranch Prof'l Ctr., Ltd. v. Mercy of Colo., Inc.,

793 P.2d 648 (Colo.App.1990). Rulings that are "avowedly preliminary or tentative[ ] do not trigger law of the case consequences." Governor's Ranch Prof'l Ctr., Ltd. v. Mercy of Colo., Inc., supra, 793 P.2d at 650 (quoting 18 C. Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 4478 (1981)).

Further, every ruling or order made in the progress of an on-going proceeding may be rescinded or modified during that proceeding upon proper grounds. The fact that one judge hears the pending motions does not impair the power of a second judge to act in this manner. Broyles v. Fort Lyon Canal Co., 695 P.2d 1136 (Colo.1985). The second judge may modify a prior ruling as necessary if new facts, changes in the applicable law, or other persuasive circumstances warrant such modification. Provo v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 66 P.3d 138 (Colo.App.2002)(cert. granted Mar. 24, 2003).

Here, the trial court's earlier order requiring notification to the omitted heirs was preliminary in nature, was made during on-going proceedings, and therefore was not the law of the case. The earlier order did not conclude that the omitted heirs were contingent beneficiaries of the trust. It was, in effect, a preliminary ruling to protect the interests, if any, of the omitted heirs until the court finally construed the Will and determined their status. That final order is now on appeal.

Thus, in issuing the final order, the court did not violate the law of the case doctrine.

II.

Heir further contends that the trial court erred in concluding that testator's Will specifically excluded the omitted heirs and that the omitted heirs are not contingent beneficiaries of the trust. We disagree.

Heir argues that because the devisees may not survive the termination of the trust in 2019, the remainder interest should pass by intestate succession. The argument is premised on § 15-11-101(1), C.R.S.2003, which states that "[a]ny part of a decedent's estate not effectively disposed of by will or otherwise passes by intestate succession to the decedent's heirs as prescribed in this code, except as modified by the decedent's will" (emphasis added).

Section 15-11-101(2), C.R.S.2003, further explains how a will can modify § 15-11-101(1):

A decedent by will may expressly exclude or limit the right of an individual or

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