Jacox v. Pegler

• Decision Date: 18 July 2003
• Docket Number: No. S-02-907.,S-02-907.
• Citation: 665 N.W.2d 607,266 Neb. 410
• Parties: Stanley JACOX, Appellant, v. Robert PEGLER, Appellee.
• Court: Nebraska Supreme Court

665 N.W.2d 607

266 Neb. 410

Stanley JACOX, Appellant, v. Robert PEGLER, Appellee.

No. S-02-907.

Supreme Court of Nebraska.

July 18, 2003.

Mark T. Bestul and Vincent M. Powers, of Vincent M. Powers & Associates, Lincoln, for appellant.

Timothy E. Clarke, of Baylor, Evnen, Curtiss, Grimit & Witt, L.L.P., Lincoln, for appellee.

HENDRY, C.J., and WRIGHT, CONNOLLY, GERRARD, STEPHAN, McCORMACK, and MILLER-LERMAN, JJ.

MILLER-LERMAN, J.

NATURE OF CASE

In this appeal from a motor vehicle personal injury action, Stanley Jacox asserts that the district court for Lancaster County erred when it rejected his claim of discrimination in the use of a peremptory challenge employed by appellee, Robert Pegler. Jacox claims that the potential juror, who was African-American, was struck from the venire because of his race, in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Finding no merit to this sole assignment of error, we affirm.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

Jacox and Pegler were involved in a traffic accident in Lancaster County on July 27, 2000. Jacox filed a petition against Pegler seeking damages for injuries he incurred in the accident, and Pegler filed a counterclaim against Jacox.

The case proceeded to trial. Jury selection began on July 26, 2002. During voir dire, Jacox informed the court outside the hearing of the potential jurors that he was claiming that Pegler's use of a peremptory challenge to strike juror No. 9 was discriminatory. Jacox asserted that Pegler "struck Juror No. 9 because of race." Jacox also asserted that he needed only to show that juror No. 9 was African-American and that then the burden was upon Pegler "to articulate a particularly nondiscriminatory reason for striking him." The court excused the potential jurors in order to consider the matter outside their presence.

In support of his claim, Jacox reiterated that he challenged the striking of juror No. 9 because juror No. 9 was African-American. Pegler's attorney responded to this claim as follows:

First, and most importantly, on two separate occasions during voir dire examination I noticed [juror No. 9] had his eyes closed as if he was dozing or nodding off and not paying attention.

My concern in this case, Judge, is there will be all sorts of talk about Jury Instructions and burden of proof and if the jurors can follow the Jury Instructions. And, most importantly, there is going to be critical testimony from both the plaintiff and the defendant as to what happened. And I don't want a juror who can't even get through voir dire examination without closing his eyes to be one of the individuals who is responsible for deciding my client's case.

Even during [Jacox's attorney's] examination, I think he had asked a question of [juror No. 9] and [juror No. 9] was looking off somewhere else. And he said, [juror No. 9], I'm asking a question of you, and brought his attention back to [Jacox's attorney] and then answered the question.

That's the sole and only reason I struck [juror No. 9].

Jacox's attorney thereafter stated:

I don't think that is a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason. For example, as I recall my question of—of [juror No. 9], I didn't pronounce his name properly and once I did, he responded. I also had my eyes closed during parts of ... voir dire [by Pegler's attorney]. I was thinking. Perhaps that's true, he was thinking as well.

... It's been my experience when there is a ... juror who is inattentive or sleeping, that's something that the Court notes, it's the Court's job. I don't think that's the situation here.

This particular juror was as attentive as the majority of the white jurors.... On the record before us, Jacox's allegation of discrimination in the use of a peremptory challenge is not supported by sworn testimony, exhibits, stipulations, admissions, or judicial notice. Neither counsel nor the court recited into the record information regarding the racial or other relevant breakdown of the venire, the challenges by both parties, or the jury actually selected. Without comment, the district court announced that Jacox's challenge was overruled.

Jury voir dire then continued. A jury was impaneled and sworn in, and the trial proceeded. Following deliberation, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Pegler on Jacox's claim and a verdict in favor of Jacox on Pegler's counterclaim. The district court entered judgment in accordance with the jury's verdict and dismissed the case with prejudice. Jacox appeals.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

Jacox asserts that the district court erred in overruling his challenge to Pegler's striking of juror No. 9 from the venire and in failing to make a determination on the record as to the adequacy of Pegler's proffered nondiscriminatory explanation for such striking.

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A trial court's determination of whether a party has established purposeful discrimination in jury selection is a finding of fact and is entitled to appropriate deference from an appellate court because such a finding will largely turn on evaluation of credibility. State v. Bronson, 242 Neb. 931, 496 N.W.2d 882 (1993). The trial court's determination that there was no purposeful discrimination in the party's use of his or her peremptory challenges is a factual determination which this court will reverse only if clearly erroneous. State v. Pratt, 234 Neb. 596, 452 N.W.2d 54 (1990).

A trial court's determination of the adequacy of a party's "neutral explanation" of its peremptory challenges will not be reversed on appeal unless clearly erroneous. State v. Myers, 258 Neb. 300, 603 N.W.2d 378 (1999).

ANALYSIS

On appeal, Jacox's assignment of error relates solely to the rejection of his claim that Pegler's use of a peremptory challenge to strike from the venire juror No. 9 was discriminatory. Following our review of the record, we determine that Jacox failed to meet his burden of proving purposeful discrimination and that therefore, the district court's ruling rejecting his claim of discrimination by Pegler in the use of his peremptory challenge was not clearly erroneous.

In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause forbids prosecutors from using peremptory challenges to strike potential jurors solely on account of their race. In Batson and cases subsequent thereto, the Court set up a threestep process for evaluating a claim by a defendant that a prosecutor had used peremptory challenges in a racially discriminatory manner. Initially, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race. If the requisite showing has been made, the prosecutor must then articulate a raceneutral explanation for striking the juror in question. Finally, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has carried his or her burden of proving purposeful discrimination. See Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991). In Batson, the Court stated that in order to establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination in jury selection, the defendant must show (1) that he or she is a member of a cognizable racial group, (2) that the prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges to exclude from the venire members of the defendant's race, and (3) that these facts and any other relevant circumstances raise an inference that the prosecutor used peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors on account of their race. However, in Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991), the Court held that a defendant, regardless of his or her race, could object to a prosecutor's race-based exclusion of potential jurors. The Court reasoned that a race-based exclusion violated the equal protection rights of the excluded juror and that a defendant had third-party standing to raise the excluded juror's equal protection claim. The Court indicated that racial identity between the defendant and the excused potential juror, which it had emphasized in Batson, might make it easier to establish a prima facie case of wrongful discrimination but that racial identity might not be relevant in other cases and was not a prerequisite to making a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination.

With regard to the burden on the prosecution to come forward with a race-neutral explanation, the Court stated in Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767-68, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995), that "[t]he second step of [the Batson test] does not demand an explanation that is persuasive, or even plausible." Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor's explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race neutral.

The Court stated that it was not until the third step of the Batson test that the persuasiveness of the proffered raceneutral explanation became relevant. At that stage, the trial court must determine whether the opponent of the strike from the venire has carried his or her burden of establishing purposeful discrimination, and implausible or fantastic justifications may be found to be pretexts for purposeful discrimination. The Court emphasized that "the ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial motivation rests with, and never shifts from, the opponent of the strike." Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. at 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769.

In Hernandez v. New York, supra,

the Court held that a trial court's finding on the issue of discriminatory intent in connection with a Batson challenge would not be overturned on appeal unless the determination was clearly erroneous. The Court stated:

Deference to trial court findings on the issue of discriminatory intent makes particular sense in this context because... the finding "largely will turn on evaluation of credibility." ... In the typical peremptory challenge inquiry, the decisive question will be whether counsel's race-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge should be believed.

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