Joslyn v. State
| Decision Date | 16 February 2011 |
| Docket Number | No. 49S04–1102–CR–85.,49S04–1102–CR–85. |
| Citation | 942 N.E.2d 809 |
| Court | Indiana Supreme Court |
| Parties | Richard JOSLYN, Appellant (Defendant below),v.STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below). |
OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE
Victoria L. Bailey, Indianapolis, IN, Attorney for Appellant.Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana, Ann L. Goodwin, Special Deputy Attorney General, Attorneys for Appellee.
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 49A04–0908–CR–460
Today we address the importance of protective orders for Hoosiers in two cases. In this case we hold that a minor defect in the service of a protective order was cured by Joslyn's statements to police and his testimony at trial. Allowing protective order respondents to evade enforcement through technicalities is counter to the purpose of the Civil Protection Order Act and simply dangerous for those whom the act is designed to protect. Therefore, we affirm Joslyn's convictions for stalking and invasion of privacy.
In late 2007 or early 2008, Stephanie Livingston moved back to Indianapolis after a breakup with her youngest son's father. Livingston and her third cousin Richard Joslyn agreed that she would stay with Joslyn and his son rather than with her mother because there would be more room for Livingston and one of her sons to live. Livingston struggled with alcohol while living with Joslyn, drinking on a “daily basis for almost the whole six months I was there.” (Tr. at 22.)
After a brief reconciliation with her son's father, Livingston moved back in with her mother, about a quarter of a mile from Joslyn's home. Livingston eventually became aware of and watched a video Joslyn recorded of the two of them engaging in sexual intercourse. Livingston had no memory of the act.
After moving back with her mother, Livingston applied ex parte for a protective order under the Indiana Civil Protective Order Act.1 The court granted her request and issued the order on November 10, 2008. The protective order prohibited Joslyn from having any contact with Livingston.
On November 13, a deputy with the Marion County Sheriff's Department served Joslyn with a copy of the protective order by leaving a copy attached to the door of his residence. (State's Ex. 18; Tr. at 23, 165, 169.) The deputy did not indicate on the return of service form that a copy of the order was also mailed to Joslyn's last known address as required by Indiana Trial Rule 4.1. (State's Ex. 18; Ind. Trial Rule 4.1(A)(3), (B).)
On evening of November 14, Livingston and some friends went to a liquor store. While Livingston was inside the store with one of her friends, the others noticed Joslyn observing them from across the street. Later that evening, the group went to a local bar where they spotted Joslyn watching them from the end of the bar. While Livingston was on the dance floor, Joslyn stood at the edge of the dance floor watching Livingston throughout a song.
On November 17, Livingston was visiting a friend, Richard Neutzman. While she was there, Neutzman received a call, which he put on speakerphone. Livingston heard Joslyn asking whether Neutzman knew where Livingston was. On another visit to Neutzman's house, Livingston saw Joslyn peering through a window.
On November 18, Livingston's mother found a note on the front porch of their home. Livingston recognized the handwriting as Joslyn's. The next day, Livingston found a rose on the doormat of the home.
On November 23, Livingston was entertaining friends at the home when she heard a crash outside. When she looked outside, she saw Joslyn running away and discovered her friend's vehicle had four windows smashed.
On November 25, Livingston and her cousin observed Joslyn hiding under Livingston's home in the crawl space. The next day Livingston saw Joslyn looking into the window of her home. Livingston called 9–1–1. The police later apprehended Joslyn with help from a canine officer. The dog located him hiding in a van on a neighbor's property.
On December 3, 2008, the State charged Joslyn with class C felony stalking, 2 four counts of class A misdemeanor invasion of privacy 3 and a class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement.4 The case went to trial by jury. At the close of the evidence, the court granted Joslyn's motion for judgment on the evidence as respects the charge of resisting law enforcement. The jury found Joslyn guilty on the remaining counts.
On appeal, Joslyn has challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions, arguing the State did not prove he was properly served with the protective order. The Court of Appeals affirmed, citing Joslyn's admission that he received the notice left at his home by an agent of the State as sufficient to permit his conviction for invasion of privacy and stalking. Joslyn v. State, 928 N.E.2d 906 (Ind.Ct.App.2010) (table). We think the Court of Appeals was right to affirm, and grant transfer to address the service of protective orders.
When the claim is a sufficiency of evidence challenge, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses, and we respect a fact-finder's “exclusive province to weigh conflicting evidence.” Alkhalidi v. State, 753 N.E.2d 625, 627 (Ind.2001). We “consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict.” McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind.2005). We will affirm “if the probative evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence could have allowed a reasonable trier of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Tobar v. State, 740 N.E.2d 109, 111–12 (Ind.2000).
Joslyn's convictions were based on his violation of the protective order obtained by Livingston. We first note that the statutes defining the crimes of stalking and invasion of privacy do not require actual service of a protective order for a conviction. Invasion of privacy does require “knowingly or intentionally violat[ing]” an order, and the stalking statute requires that the “person has been given actual notice of the order.” Ind.Code §§ 35–46–1–15.1, 35–45–10–5(b)(2). Joslyn argues that implicit in these crimes is a requirement that the protective order was properly served under the Indiana Rules of Trial Procedure. (Appellant's Br. at 6–7.)
The Court of Appeals affirmed Joslyn's convictions in accordance with earlier decisions holding that actual notice was sufficient for a conviction if the defendant received actual notice of the protective order from an agent of the State. Joslyn v. State, No. 49A04–0908–CR–460, 928 N.E.2d 906, 2010 WL 2605841 (Ind. Ct.App. June 30, 2010); see Dixon v. State, 869 N.E.2d 516 (Ind.Ct.App.2007); Hendricks v. State, 649 N.E.2d 1050 (Ind.Ct.App.1995).
In the present case, a process server testified that she left a copy of the order at Joslyn's home. There was no indication that she also sent a copy of the order to his house by first class mail as required under our Trial Rules. See Ind. Trial Rule 4.1(B) ().
The trial court admitted, over objection, a recording and transcript of a statement Joslyn made to police:
(State's Ex. 16, pp. 3–4, 44.) Joslyn also testified at trial admitting that he found the protective order at his residence, but could not recall when. (Tr. at 285–86.)
(State's Ex. 16, pp. 3–4, 44.) Joslyn also testified at trial admitting that he found the protective order at his residence, but could not recall when. (Tr. at 285–86.)
We agree with the Court of Appeals that Joslyn's admission of receipt is sufficient to sustain his convictions. As the court noted, the purpose of the Indiana Civil Protection Order Act is to promote the protection and safety of all victims of domestic violence and prevent future incidents. It would run contrary to this purpose if we were to embrace Joslyn's contention that a defendant does not violate the criminal code because of some defect in civil process even where the court had in fact issued a protective order and the defendant in fact knew it had done so.
The Court of Appeals reliance on Hendricks and Dixon, was well placed. In Hendricks,...
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