Joyner v. McClellan

• Decision Date: 18 June 1975
• Docket Number: No. 73-276-B.,73-276-B.
• Citation: 396 F. Supp. 912
• Parties: Leslie H. JOYNER v. Warden Gerald H. McCLELLAN.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Maryland

396 F. Supp. 912

Leslie H. JOYNER v. Warden Gerald H. McCLELLAN.

No. 73-276-B.

United States District Court, D. Maryland.

June 18, 1975.

Leslie H. Joyner, pro se.

Francis B. Burch, Atty. Gen. of Md., Donald R. Stutman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Baltimore, Md., for defendant.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

BLAIR, District Judge.

This civil rights suit against a prison warden is now before this court on the defendant's motion for summary judgment. From the pleadings and materials submitted to this court, it appears that there are no disputes of material facts and summary judgment in favor of the defendant is appropriate.

In 1973, Leslie Joyner was stabbed by fellow inmates of the Maryland Penitentiary. Immediately following the stabbing, he was rushed to University Hospital for treatment. After approximately one week in the hospital, he was returned to the penitentiary. Once back, he was interviewed by an assistant warden who, according to the plaintiff, determined from Joyner's statements and from statements of previously interviewed witnesses that the stabbing was committed by a group of prisoners called "The Family". Because the plaintiff refused to give evidence against his assailants and because the assailants posed a continuing danger to the plaintiff, the assistant warden ordered that Joyner be placed in segregation for his own safety. Subsequently, Joyner was told by the assistant warden that he could return to the prison population if he were willing to sign a form waiving liability for bodily injury. Joyner, obviously agreeing with the assistant warden's assessment of the dangers to him, refused to sign. Joyner then applied for a transfer to the Maryland House of Correction, a medium security prison, but the Classification Board denied the request. Thereafter, Joyner filed this suit against the Warden of the Maryland Penitentiary. No other defendants are named in this action.

Despite the commands of Rule 8(a)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the plaintiff has nowhere clearly set forth the nature of the relief sought. Giving the complaint a liberal reading, Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), it appears that the basic tenor of the complaint is a demand for injunctive relief. Specifically, it appears that Joyner is requesting that the Warden be enjoined either to transfer him to another institution or to change the restrictions placed on those in protective confinement. Furthermore, there is some indication that Joyner seeks monetary relief, although in this respect the demand for relief is even less clear. Nevertheless, for purposes of the defendant's motion for summary judgment, this court will assume that both injunctive and monetary relief are being sought.

Shortly before the filing of this suit, Joyner applied to the Inmate Grievance Commission to obtain a transfer out of the Maryland Penitentiary. The Inmate Grievance Commission held a hearing in April 1973 and found Joyner's request for a transfer to be meritorious. Thereafter, upon order of the IGC, the Classification Team reconsidered its prior decision and ordered that Joyner be transferred. He was transferred to the Maryland House of Correction in June 1973.

In light of Joyner's transfer, it is clear that his request for injunctive relief is moot. Scott v. Jones, 492 F.2d 130 (5th Cir. 1974); Rhodes v. Bureau of Prisons, 477 F.2d 347 (5th Cir. 1973); Russell v. Henderson, 475 F.2d 1138 (5th Cir. 1973); Breeden v. Jackson, 457 F.2d 578, 580 (4th Cir. 1972); Bryant v. Blackwell, 431 F.2d 1203 (5th Cir. 1970). It is well settled "that `federal courts are without power to decide questions that cannot affect the rights of litigants in the case before them.' North Carolina v. Rice, 404 U.S. 244, 246 92 S.Ct. 402, 404, 30 L.Ed.2d 413 (1971)." DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312, 316, 94 S.Ct. 1704, 1705, 40 L.Ed.2d 164 (1974).

A claim for damages, however, is not mooted by a transfer, Rhodes v. Bureau of Prisons, supra, and, thus, this court will now address the individual counts upon the assumption that the plaintiff requests damages from the defendant Warden.

In Counts 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8, Joyner complains about the restrictions to which he was subjected while he was in protective segregation. These have no merit. In Breeden v. Jackson, supra, the Fourth Circuit specifically held that similar restrictions upon persons placed in protective custody are not constitutionally impermissible. See Pinkston v. Bensinger, 359 F.Supp. 95 (N.D.Ill. 1973) (excellent review of solitary confinement cases); Smith v. Swenson, 333 F.Supp. 1253 and 1258 (W.D.Mo.1971) (permissible conditions of protective segregation); Bundy v. Cannon, 328 F. Supp. 165, 171 (D.Md.1971) (segregated confinement does not itself violate the Constitution); Krist v. Smith, 309 F. Supp. 497 (S.D.Ga.1970) (segregation is permissible means for protecting prisoner), aff'd, 439 F.2d 146 (5th Cir. 1971). In Breeden, the Court of Appeals wrote,

It may be that the prison authorities in this case could have arranged to provide the petitioner with less onerous conditions of confinement. Under the guise of protecting constitutional rights, however, federal courts do not have the power to, and must be careful not to, usurp the responsibility that rests with the executive branch for the management of prisons. It is only when the deprivations of prison confinement impose conditions of such onerous burdens as to be of constitutional dimensions that courts may intervene in prison management.

457 F.2d at 580. And, it concluded

The deprivations of which the petitioner complains here do not assume constitutional dimensions; they are neither arbitrary nor capricious. Under petitioner's own claim, they are the usual and accepted regulations imposed in maximum security. They "neither amount to cruel and unusual punishment or denials of equal protection of the laws." They are manifestly within the discretionary authority of the prison administration. They involved none of the inhuman deprivations noted in Hancock v. Avery, supra 301 F.Supp. 786 (D.C.Tenn. 1969). These regulations are similar to those complained of in Ford v. Board of Managers of New Jersey State Prison (3d Cir. 1969) 407 F.2d 937, 940, where the Court said:

"Solitary confinement in and of itself does not violate Eighth Amendment prohibitions, and the temporary inconveniences and discomforts incident thereto cannot be regarded as a basis for judicial relief."

(Additional cites omitted) . . . "Viewing the complaint in the light most favorable to plaintiff in accordance with the rule of Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 it must be dismissed for failure to state a claim within federal jurisdiction."

Id. at 581.

In this case, the simple fact is that Joyner was exposed to a real danger of attack by any of a number of persons in the prisoner population. Some of those persons were known but, evidently, not all of them. In the exercise of their duty to protect the prisoner, prison officials had little choice but to segregate Joyner, at least pending the outcome of transfer proceedings. Any group activities posed a substantial danger.¹ Certainly, the prison officials had no obligation to expose themselves to possible liability in damages by releasing the prisoner into the general population while both he and they believed there was a danger.

It is unfortunate that the victim, rather than the perpetrators, must be the one who bears the burden of segregation. But the Due Process Clause bars prison officials from segregating prisoners for infractions without some evidentiary basis. Mere suspicions will not do, and, here, Joyner refused to give evidence against his attackers.

In Count 4, Joyner charges "negligence against the Warden for damages to Plaintiff, that could have been avoided, & because of negligence I was stabbed almost to death." This count falls short of stating a claim for relief for two closely related reasons. First, as stated above, mere negligence is not a sufficient basis for an award of damages under § 1983. See Penn v. Oliver, 351 F.Supp. 1292, 1294 (E.D.Va. 1972). "Gross and culpable negligence" is necessary. See Jenkins v. Averett, 424 F.2d 1228, 1232-33 (4th Cir. 1970). Second, in cases involving attacks by other inmates, there must be more than a single attack on a prisoner. Penn v. Oliver, supra. See Woodhous v. Virginia, 487 F.2d 889, 890 (4th Cir. 1973). Yet, a single incident is all that has been alleged here. Nowhere has plaintiff claimed that he had previously requested protection, nor that prison officials had any particular reason to think that he was endangered. Once the threat was apparent, prison officials took reasonable steps to protect the plaintiff—Joyner was placed in protective segregation and ultimately he was transferred. Finally, there is the affidavit of Acting Warden McLindsey Hawkins, who states that in fact all normal guard procedures were in effect and being followed at the time of the attack and that "there was no advance warning or information which would have indicated that ...