Kil v. Legend Bros., LLC, A19A0048

• Decision Date: 21 June 2019
• Docket Number: A19A0048
• Citation: 350 Ga.App. 680,830 S.E.2d 245
• Parties: KIL v. LEGEND BROTHERS, LLC et al.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

350 Ga.App. 680

830 S.E.2d 245

KIL

v.LEGEND BROTHERS, LLC et al.

A19A0048

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

June 21, 2019

James Johnston Long, Todd K. Maziar, Atlanta, for Appellant.

Charles Benton Hilburn, for Appellee.

Miller, Presiding Judge.

Jay Kil seeks review of the superior court’s order reversing the State Board of Workers’ Compensation’s (the "Board") award of workers’ compensation benefits stemming from severe injuries he incurred during an armed robbery. He argues that the superior court erred when it reversed the Board’s conclusions that his injury arose out of and in the course of his employment. We agree and reverse.

In reviewing a workers’ compensation benefits award, both this Court and the superior court must construe the evidence in a light most favorable to the party which prevailed before the Board. It is axiomatic that the findings of the State Board, when supported by any evidence, are conclusive and binding, and that neither the superior court nor this Court has any authority to substitute itself as a fact finding body in lieu of the Board. However, we review de novo erroneous applications of law to undisputed facts, as well as decisions based on erroneous theories of law.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Sanchez v. Carter , 343 Ga. App. 187, 806 S.E.2d 638 (2017). "Generally, an injury is compensable only if it arises out of and in the course of the employment. The test presents two independent and distinct criteria, and an injury is not compensable unless it satisfies both." (Citations omitted.) Mayor & Alderman of Savannah v. Stevens , 278 Ga. 166, 166 (1), 598 S.E.2d 456 (2004). "Whether an injury arises out of and in the course of employment is generally a mixed question of law and fact." Lee v. Sears , 223 Ga. App. 897, 479 S.E.2d 196 (1996).

Kil worked as a manager of the restaurant Legend Café. As manager, Kil oversaw the restaurant to ensure that it ran smoothly, operated the cash register, ensured that orders came out of the kitchen correctly, and oversaw the cleanliness of the establishment. Kil lived with his coworkers and the restaurant’s owner, Willmore Lim. After returning from work each day, Kil and Lim would spend around an hour reviewing the restaurant’s daily sales, receipts, accounts, and inventory.

After closing the restaurant in the early morning of May 19, 2016, Lim drove Kil and another coworker back to their home without taking a detour. On the way back to their house, Lim had the receipts from the restaurant in his possession because he and Kil planned to review the restaurant’s records at home as they normally did. Almost as soon as they pulled into the garage, three men ran up to the car and demanded at gunpoint that they hand over a "bag of money." Lim and Kil told the attackers that they did not have any money, and the attackers demanded that they exit the car and open the trunk. After exiting the car, one of the attackers noticed that Kil had a gun in his sweater. At that point, the attackers fled, but while they were fleeing, one of them shot Kil in the forearm. Kil spent over two weeks in the hospital and underwent multiple surgeries. Kil has not worked, nor has he been able to work, since the shooting.

Kil filed the instant application for workers’ compensation benefits. Following a hearing, an administrative law judge ("ALJ") ruled in Kil’s favor, concluding that his injury arose out of and in the course of his employment. The ALJ concluded that the injury occurred in the course of Kil’s employment because Kil was in the "continuous employment" of his job as a manager at the time of the incident due to Kil’s obligation to meet with Lim at home to review the day’s receipts and inventory. The ALJ further concluded that Kil’s injury arose out of his employment because his position required him to go home at a very late hour after leaving the restaurant to review sales and inventory receipts with the owner, which allowed the robbers to accurately estimate his arrival home and put Kil at an increased risk of being shot during a robbery.

On appeal, the Board affirmed the ALJ’s award. The Board concluded that the "continuous employment" doctrine did not apply but that there was sufficient evidence to conclude that Kil’s injury otherwise occurred in the course of his employment. The Board reasoned that "[a]lthough the restaurant had closed for the day, the Employee’s job responsibilities had not yet ended." To support its conclusion, the Board specifically relied on the evidence that Kil was the manager of the restaurant, that he was with the owner at the time of the shooting, and that Kil and Lim planned to continue working at home. The Board further concluded that the injury arose out of Kil’s employment because the circumstances of the robbery demonstrated that the perpetrators had specifically targeted Kil and Lim due to their connection to the restaurant and that they had expected them to carry "money" or a "bag of money" when they returned home. The Board therefore concluded that a preponderance of the evidence showed that "the robbery would not have occurred but for the circumstances of [Kil’s] employment, and it is apparent that there is a causal connection between the conditions under which the employment was performed and the resulting injury."

The employer appealed to the superior court, which reversed the Board’s award of benefits. The superior court concluded that Kil’s injury did not arise out of his employment because he was injured as he arrived home from the restaurant, "an act which he would have had to do irrespective of the scope of his job duties." The superior court also noted that Kil was shot because one of the assailants noticed that he possessed a firearm, which the superior court concluded "had nothing to do with performing his duties for his employer." The superior court also concluded that Kil’s injury did not occur in the course of his employment because he was injured at home, at a time when he was not performing any work duties, and he was not a "traveling employee" or a "24-hour on call employee."

We granted Kil’s application for a discretionary appeal from the superior court’s order.

1. First, we agree with Kil that the superior court erred when it determined that his injury did not occur in the course of his employment.

"The Workers’ Compensation Act is a humanitarian measure which should be liberally construed to effectuate its purpose." Avrett Plumbing Co. v. Castillo , 340 Ga. App. 671, 672, 798 S.E.2d 268 (2017). "[T]he words ‘in the course of the employment’ relate to the time, place, and circumstances under which the accident takes place. To satisfy this requirement, the accident must have arisen within the period of employment at a place where the employee may reasonably be in the performance of his duties and while he is fulfilling those duties or engaged in doing something incidental thereto." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 672-673, 798 S.E.2d 268.

Here, we conclude that the Board did not err as a matter of law when it concluded that Kil’s injury occurred in the course of his employment. Normally, "the general rule is that an injury sustained while an employee is going to and from his place of employment does not arise from the course and scope of his employment." Avrett Plumbing Co. , s...