Kilmer v. Hicks

• Decision Date: 17 December 1974
• Docket Number: CA-CIV,No. 2,2
• Citation: 529 P.2d 706,22 Ariz.App. 552
• Parties: James W. KILMER, as surviving spouse of Evelyn P. Kilmer, Deceased, and Father of Diane Marie Kilmer, Deceased, Appellant, v. Everett L. HICKS and Carol Lee Hicks, husband and wife, Appellees. 1651.
• Court: Arizona Court of Appeals

Page 706

529 P.2d 706

22 Ariz.App. 552

James W. KILMER, as surviving spouse of Evelyn P. Kilmer, Deceased, and Father of Diane Marie Kilmer, Deceased, Appellant, v. Everett L. HICKS and Carol Lee Hicks, husband and wife, Appellees.

No. 2 CA-CIV 1651.

Court of Appeals of Arizona, Division 2.

Dec. 17, 1974.

Rehearing Denied Jan. 15, 1975.

Review Denied Feb. 18, 1975.

Lesher, Kimble, Rucker & Lindamood, P.C. by Robert O. Lesher, Tucson, for appellant.

Chandler, Tullar, Udall & Richmond by James L. Richmond, Tucson, for appellees.

OPINION

HATHAWAY, Chief Judge.

This appeal arises from the granting of defendants' motion for summary judgment in a wrongful death action. The action was brought for the death of Diane Marie Kilmer, the unborn daughter of appellant.

Evelyn P. Kilmer, wife of appellant, was killed in an automobile accident on December 7, 1972, allegedly caused by Mr. Hicks. Her death was essentially instantaneous. She was then over 9 months pregnant. The expected date of delivery was December 5, 1972. According to the certificate of fetal death, the fetus died of fetal anoxia caused by the Pre-partum maternal death. There is no question that the fetus was viable.

We are called upon to determine whether a cause of action exists for the death of a viable fetus caused by the wrongful death of its mother at the end of a 9-month pregnancy. This is a question of first impression in Arizona, having been raised but not decided in Larriva v. Widmer, 101 Ariz. 1, 415 P.2d 424 (1966).

There is no common law right of action for the tortious killing of a human being. Gay v. Thompson, 266 N.C. 394, 146 S.E.2d 425 (1966). The right to recover damages for wrongful death is statutory, and if maintainable for the death of an unborn child, it must be brought under A.R.S. § 12--611, which provides:

'When Death of a Person is caused by (the) wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured to maintain an action to recover damages in respect thereof, then, and in every such case, the person who or the corporation which would have been liable if death had not ensued shall be liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured, and although the death was caused under such circumstances as amount in law to murder in the first or second degree or manslaughter.' (Emphasis added)

At common law an unborn fetus is not a 'person.' State v. Dickinson, 28 Ohio St.2d 65, 275 N.E.2d 599 (1971), quoting, at 601, 3 Coke, Institutes 58 (1648). The common law, so far as it is not repugnant to the constitution of the United States, the constitution or laws of this state, or established customs of the people of this state, was adopted by the legislature and is 'the rule of decision in all courts of this state.' Huebner v. Deuchle, 109 Ariz. 549, 514 P.2d 470 (1973). Statutes are not to be construed as effecting any change in the common law beyond that which is clearly indicated. In re Estate of Thelen, 9 Ariz.App. 157, 450 P.2d 123 (1969). If possible, statutory enactments should be construed by courts as consistent with the common law. Farnsworth v. Hubbard, 78 Ariz. 160, 277 P.2d 252 (1954).

A.R.S. § 12--611 abrogated the common law only insofar as it allows an action for damages for the death of a 'person.' The Supreme Court of Virginia, reasoning that words in statutes should be given their ordinary acceptance and meaning, held that the word 'person' as used in Virginia's wrongful death statute, virtually identical to Arizona's, does not include an unborn viable fetus. Lawrence v. Craven Tire Company, 210 Va. 138, 169 S.E.2d 440 (1969). The court stated:

'If plaintiff's decedent had no right, at time of death, to maintain an action for personal injuries, then the right to maintain the present action could not be transmitted to her personal representative. We are unwilling to hold that a child En ventre sa mere can maintain a common law action for personal injuries, and it is plain that such a holding would be necessary in order for any right of action to have been transmitted to the present plaintiff. If a child En ventre sa mere were held to be able to maintain an action for personal injuries, logic and consistency would require that if such child were injured and subsequently stillborn for reason wholly unrelated to the injuries, a right of action would survive under Code § 8--628.1.' 169 S.E.2d at 441.

The United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1972) held that it was not the...