Krashes v. White

• Decision Date: 16 July 1975
• Docket Number: No. 5,5
• Citation: 275 Md. 549,341 A.2d 798
• Parties: Hershey KRASHES et ux. v. David Meade WHITE et al. Misc.
• Court: Maryland Court of Appeals

Page 549

275 Md. 549

341 A.2d 798

Hershey KRASHES et ux. v. David Meade WHITE et al.

Misc. No. 5.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

July 16, 1975.

Michael P. Crocker, Baltimore, for petitioners.

K. Donald Proctor, Baltimore (David L. Bowers, Baltimore, on the brief), for respondents.

Argued before MURPHY, C. J., and SINGLEY, SMITH, DIGGES, LEVINE, ELDRIDGE and O'DONNELL, JJ.

ELDRIDGE, Judge.

This is a certified question case, under the Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act, Maryland Code (1974), § 12-601 et seq., of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. ¹ The appellants filed a diversity action in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, seeking damages resulting from alleged malicious prosecution and abuse of criminal process. The claim arose from the arrest of the appellant, Hershey Krashes, in Frederick, Maryland; his confinement in Frederick; his extradition to Richmond, Virginia; and his subsequent imprisonment in that city until the charge against him was nol prossed. The appellees filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground that the United States District Court in Maryland lacked personal jurisdiction over them. A hearing was held on the motion, and the District Court took the matter under consideration. Before any ruling on the appellees' motion, the appellants filed a motion requesting the District Court to certify to this Court those issues of Maryland law which might be determinative in ruling on the appellees' motion to dismiss. Thereafter, the District Court certified three questions of law to this Court. The questions certified are:

'(1) Is arrest an essential element of the torts of criminal malicious prosecution and abuse of process, or does the occurrence of an arrest in these torts provide merely an aggravation of damages?

'(2) If arrest is an essential element of the torts of criminal malicious prosecution and abuse of process, then did 'tortious injury' occur in the State of Maryland, although the remaining elements of both torts occurred in the Commonwealth of Virginia?

'(3) If 'tortious injury' did not occur in the State of Maryland but, rather, occurred in the Commonwealth of Virginia, does the recently amended portion of Article 75, section 96(a)(4) of the Maryland Annotated Code extend personal jurisdiction to a fact situation such as that involved in the instant action?'

The 'Statement of Facts' contained in the District Court's Order of Certification sets forth the following:

'Briefly stated, this action had its origination when a check for $644.00 was given by plaintiff, Hershey Krashes, to defendant corporation, Modern Coin Shop ('Modern'), in Richmond, Virginia; the check was subsequently returned for insufficient funds. After repeated efforts to collect, Modern, through its chief executive and principal manager, defendant Arthur Wilkerson, retained the Richmond law firm of White, Roberts, Cabell & Paris ('the firm'), which is also a defendant, to aid in the collection of the check. The firm, through an associate and defendant, Conrad Lewane, sent several letters to Krashes threatening action if the amount of the check was not paid.

'These threats were carried out when a complaint was filed in Richmond concerning the check. As a result of this complaint a warrant was issued for plaintiff's arrest. Acting upon the request of the Richmond police, the Frederick, Maryland police obtained (from a justice of the peace) a fugitive warrant for plaintiff's arrest. Plaintiff was subsequently taken into custody by the Frederick police and then transported to Richmond to stand trial on a felony charge.

'Once incarcerated in Richmond, plaintiff alleges the defendant-firm, through its associates, extracted a $500.00 check from plaintiff's sister and a $1,400.00 confessed judgment note from plaintiff. After these items were received from plaintiff, it is alleged that defendant-Lewane notified the local State's Attorney that an error had been made, thereupon the charge against Krashes was nol prossed.

'Plaintiff instituted an action in this Court, seeking relief on two counts: one for abuse of process, and the other for malicious prosecution. Plaintiffs are citizens and residents of the State of Maryland and defendants are citizens and residents of or are incorporated in and with their principal place of business in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Plaintiff alleges that defendants have persistently engaged in commercial conduct in the State of Maryland.

'Defendants have filed a motion to dismiss the action and to quash service of process, arguing that this Court lacks in personam jurisdiction.

Jurisdiction, if it exists, must be obtained through the Maryland 'long-arm' statute, Art. 75, §§ 94-100, Md.Ann.Code (1969 Repl.Vol., as amended).'

In addition to the facts set forth in the Order of Certification, the record reveals the following facts which may be pertinent to any consideration of the jurisdictional issue in this case. In 1967, an attorney from the appellee law firm, White, Roberts, Cabell & Paris, represented a party in a case in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Between 1967 and 1970, the firm represented three Maryland residents in civil cases brought in Virginia courts. The firm communicated with its Maryland clients and co-counsel by telephone and letter. The firm received over $15,000 in fees in the three cases in which it represented Maryland residents in Virginia.

Pursuant to Maryland Rule 896(a)(iv), the District Court ordered that the plaintiffs be treated as the appellants in the certification procedure.

Before this Court, the appellees 'concede for purposes of argument that 'tortious injury,' based on the allegations of the Complaint, occurred in this state.' ² However, the appellees maintain that the first two issues certified by the United States District Court are 'immaterial to the resolution of the central issue of personal jurisdiction in this case.' ³ The appellees contend that, if personal jurisdiction in the District Court over them exists, it must be based on Code (1974), § 6-103 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article (the 'long arm statute'). ⁴ They further argue that personal jurisdiction over them cannot be obtained under § 6-103.

The appellants contend that arrest is an indispensable element of the torts of malicious prosecution and abuse of criminal process, although in oral argument before us they agreed with the appellees that this question does not determine the matter of personal jurisdiction over the appellees. Appellants further argue that the District Court had personal jurisdiction over the appellees under § 6-103 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article.

(1)

The first question certified by the District Court is whether 'arrest (is) an essential element of the torts of criminal malicious prosecution and abuse of process, or does the occurrence of an arrest in these torts provide merely an aggravation of damages?'

We conclude that arrest is not an essential element of the tort of 'criminal' malicious prosecution. The elements of malicious prosecution of a criminal charge have been clearly stated many times by this Court. In Brewer v. Mele, 267 Md. 437, 440, 298 A.2d 156, 159 (1972), the Court set them forth as follows:

'The necessary elements of a case for malicious prosecution of a criminal charge are well established. There must be: (a) a criminal proceeding instituted or continued by the defendant against the plaintiff, (b) termination of the proceeding in favor of the accused, (c) absence of probable cause for the proceeding, and (d) malice, or a primary purpose in instituting the proceeding other than that of bringing an offender to justice.'

Jannenga v. Libernini, 222 Md. 469, 472, 160 A.2d 795 (1960); Banks v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 212 Md. 31, 38, 128 A.2d 600 (1957); Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Barrack, 210 Md. 168, 173, 122 A.2d 457 (1956); Delk v. Killen, 201 Md. 381, 383, 93 A.2d 545 (1953); Kennedy v. Crouch, 191 Md. 580, 586-587, 62 A.2d 582 (1948); Goldstein v. Rau, 147 Md. 6, 13, 127 A. 488 (1925); Pessagno v. Keyes, 143 Md. 437, 441, 122 A. 651 (1923); Medcalfe v. Brooklyn Life Ins. Co. of New York, 45 Md. 198, 203-204 (1876); Boyd v. Cross, 35 Md. 194, 196 (1872); Prosser, Torts § 119 at 835-836 (4th ed. 1971).

On the other hand, the tort of malicious use of civil process requires, in addition to the four essential elements of malicious prosecution of a criminal charge set forth in Brewer v. Mele, supra, that there be 'damages . . . inflicted on the plaintiff by seizure of his property or other special injury.' Wesko v. G. E. M., Inc., 272 Md. 192, 197, 321 A.2d 529, 532 (1974); Siegman v. Equitable Trust, 267 Md. 309, 317, 297 A.2d 758 (1972). Thus in an action for malicious use of civil process, arrest may in certain cases be an element of the tort since it may be considered the 'special injury' which must be alleged. North Point Constr. Co. v. Sagner, 185 Md. 200, 207, 44 A.2d 441 (1945); Owens v. Graetzel, 149 Md. 689, 694, 132 A. 265 (1926); McNamee v. Minke, 49 Md. 122, 133 (1878). Unlike a plaintiff in a malicious use of civil process suit, the plaintiff in a criminal malicious prosecution action need not prove any special damages, such as arrest or seizure of property.

The appellants would add to the requirement that a criminal proceeding be instituted by the defendant against the plaintiff, the requirement that this proceeding must involve the arrest of the plaintiff. It is true that the mere filing of a complaint, without some action by law enforcement or judicial officials, does not constitute the initiation of a criminal proceeding. Prosser, supra, at 836. The issuance of an arrest warrant or the making of an arrest may often be the first official action in a criminal proceeding. However, a criminal proceeding may be carried out completely without an arrest. For example, a defendant may be summonsed to appear at a...